argument by analogy example

(How much more? Analogical reasoning allows for the creation of new knowledge via inference by comparing the properties of a known entity to the properties of a lesser-known entity. I liked each of those movies, so I predict that I will like The Wolf of Wall Street. about the violinist's death, and this also means that a woman has Unlike deductive and other kinds of inductive arguments, there doesn't appear to be a cut and dried way of evaluating arguments by analogy. Notice how the inductive argument begins with something specific that you have observed. An analogy creates a comparison with the intent of explanation or indicating a larger point. woman's right to have an abortion in the case of unwanted pregnancy I really dont know. Falsely shouting fire in a theater creates a clear and present danger and is not protected by the right to free speech. this article. Alice has gotten an A in four straight Philosophy classes, shes about to take another one, and I predict that she will do so well that her professor will suggest that she publish her term paper in one of the most prestigious philosophical journals and that she will be offered a three-year research fellowship at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University. Spences sleight-of-hand answer reveals why he wins so many cases: In most circumstances, breaking the law is improper. In an argument from analogy, the item that we are presumably more familiar with, which is presumably known to have both the basic and the inferred similarities. Compare to: Precisely because the analogy's source domain (the moon) and target domain (electrons) are different in so many respects, the comparison generates a new, insightful way of conceptualizing an electron's relationship to the nucleus of an atom. Argument by Analogy: Argument by analogy is a type of inductive argument where the speaker uses analogy to make some type of similarity. Generally speaking, careful attention must be paid to the relevance of any similarities and differences to the property in the conclusion; the effect on strength varies. We want to achieve a metacognitive perspective on the practice of evaluating arguments from analogy; we want to think about a type of thinking that we typically engage in without much conscious deliberation. Argument By Analogy Examples. Suppose we tweak the conclusion in the opposite directionnot more modest, but more ambitious. One of Mill's examples involved an inference that some person is lazy from . This, taken by itself, certainly makes the theater case a better candidate for exemption from free speech protection, and thus it counts as a relevant dissimilarity. Want to create or adapt books like this? Contrast these cases with the new information that the new course and the previous four are all taught by the same professor. She did well in four straight Philosophy of Mind courses, but Ancient Greek Philosophy is quite different. Examples of analogies in literature and poetry, How analogies compare to metaphors and similes. Analogies can also be used to argue inductively for a conclusion. Relevance of Similarities and Differences. Analogical reasoning is one of the first cognitive abilities that children develop and is one of the primary ways that humans organize their understanding of the world. This argument from analogy shares a certain form with the other arguments from analogy that we discussed before, and we can pick out that form By substituting letters for the English words in the English argument. We are advocating for Park Savings Accounts, or PSAs. All we know is that theyre all Philosophy courses. Something so complicated must have been created by someone. The basic similarity is that the universitys excellent faculty staffs them. The fallacy, or false analogy, is an argument based on misleading, superficial, or implausible comparisons . That is, were going to consider slightly different arguments, with new information added to the original premises or changes to the prediction based on them, and ask whether these altered new arguments are stronger or weaker than the baseline argument. Another example of the weak analogy fallacy; "The argument for the existence of God is similar to the argument for the existence of ghosts.". Answer (1 of 2): Here's an example of "reasoning by analogy" leading to faulty conclusion: "Well, re-cooling the water from that melted ice cube "undid" the melting so if I re-cool this hard-boiled egg by just the right amount, that''ll undo the "over boiling" turn it back into a soft-boiled eg. . Example: Premise: You and a friend have very similar tastes in movies. The new movie is supposed to be similar to the one that came out last summer, so it too is probably dull. Analogical arguments are inductive arguments. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. deontic logic, modal logic).Thus, the following argument is invalid: (1) If Japan did not exist, we would . 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Notwithstanding these weaknesses, the above argument from analogy continues to command considerable public support. But to accuse an argument from analogy of committing this fallacy says nothing about what has gone wrong with the argument. source@https://dc.uwm.edu/phil_facbooks/1, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. If having property P is a logical consequence of having properties Q1 Qn, then the analogical argument will be deductively valid. copyright 2003-2022 Study.com. Suppose we change that. Some of the dissimilarities, however, are relevant. So this argument easily clears the first hurdle of the total evidence condition. Second, if you cannot see what the background argument is, you should normally resist the temptation to judge it as logically strong until you better understand the background argument. Generally, the more information available regarding both domains, the more plausible the analogy. These we know have the property Q (liked by me): I had already seen and liked these movies. Below are some example analogical arguments. Tell your legislator to vote NO on Education Savings Accounts (ESAs), aka school vouchers. The strongest analogies are those that are dissimilar across most metrics but share a unique property that generates novel perspectives or information. Here are some examples: There might be life on Europa because it has an atmosphere that contains oxygen just . My high school physics teacher is smart, though not as smart as Einstein. It is also known as a faulty analogy, weak analogy, wrongful comparison , metaphor as argument, and analogical fallacy. This novel is supposed to have a similar plot like the other one we have read, so probably it is also very boring. P1 = is smart; P2 = is cute; and P3 = is playful. Its not I that c corresponds to; its the movie were making the prediction about. If it were the case that chickens had fur and nursed their young, then it would also be the case that they are mammals. Clarity is increased if the initial analogy drops out of any account of the logical support for the conclusionas long as it remains as a central feature of the history of the discovery.[3]. Consider the following example: There are a variety of types of rhetorical verbal analogies that identify different kinds of relationships: A metaphor is a figure of speech used to compare or suggest a similarity between two items, whereas a simile is a comparison that uses the words "like" or "as." Algorithm Psychology vs. Heuristic Psychology Overview & Examples | What is an Algorithm in Psychology? The analogy is between some thing, marked c in the schema, and some number of other things, marked a1, a2, and so on in the schema. This is the second premise. An argument that shows that the inferred similarity (of an analogical argument) follows from the basic similaritythat is, an argument that shows that the basic similarity is relevant. A similar line of reasoning sounds pretty crazy when you replace public schools with public parks and private schools with country clubs. What property are we predicting it will have? Consider the validity counterexamples of Chapter 10. Suppose the tractor was going to run over something inanimate, a painting by Van Gogh that cost $32 million. A famous example can be found in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare: This analogy is saying a rose would smell the same even if it were called something different; therefore, Romeo's name does not define him. There is no special reason to think so, and the argument doesnt help by providing one. But chances are, the high school will have lockers instead of cubbies. Those are the Psthe properties they all share. Equivocation Fallacy Overview & Examples | What is Equivocation Fallacy? Your short-term memory is like the RAM on a computer: it . This means there is a far stronger impetus to work out English department difficulties before disbanding it. For each of the arguments in set (a), do three things: (i)state an irrelevant dissimilarity, and explain, (ii)explain any relevant dissimilarities, and (iii)state your evaluation of the arguments logic based on this and the previous exercise. Similarities that emerge from diverse samples are less likely to be coincidental than similarities between homogeneous groups. The thing that c designates has to be involved in the analogy in the first premise; it has to be the thing thats similar to the analogues. Consider the explicit form of analogical arguments above. (j) All my visits have been to Daytona Beach for the Daytona 500; same thing this time. 2 - All women in the family like to live in the city, so my cousin Diana likes to live in the city. This is due to the fact that they share numerous characteristics in common. Further, it suggests a way of reasoning about which ones are not protectednamely, by thinking about the possible dangers caused by the speech in question. Doesnt that weaken the argument? Finally, we will look at the use of analogies to refute other arguments. This arguments logical strength is borrowed from an explanatory argument. The aim of an analogy is to compare two things to show the similarity of one thing to another. Again, the building in which a class meets is simply not relevant to how well someone does. The second total evidence question is Are there relevant dissimilarities? The basic similarity, creating a clear and present danger, certainly counts in favor of the inferred similarity of not being protected by the right to free speech. Create your account. Consider the free speech argument. The . This is because our schema is generic: every argument from analogy fits into the framework; there may be any number of properties involved in any particular argument. For example, we can substitute the letter A for the subject, that is the topic of the argument. As we mentioned, while its often impossible to evaluate inductive arguments by giving a precise probability of its conclusion, it is possible to make relative judgments about strength and weakness. The argument that Iowans for Public Education put in the mouth of the lady on the poster is meant to refute reasoning used by advocates for school choice, who say that they ought to have the right to opt out of public education and keep the tax dollars they would otherwise pay for public schools and use it to pay to send their kids to private schools. / Then leaf subsides to leaf. And the first establishes the analogy. I guess in an analogy, I dont think J. Edgar Hoover, for example, ever advised everybody he was investigating that they were being investigated., Q:But he, J. Edgar Hoover, wasnt running a university.Lingua Franca. C. Therefore, the high school also has a football field. This analogy is nontrivial because refined sugar is different from cigarettes in so many respects. Here are some relevant considerations : Analogical arguments occur very frequently in discussions in law, ethics and politics. Want to see the tutors near you? . Suppose we leave everything about the premises in the original baseline argument the same: four Philosophy classes, an A in each, new Philosophy class. It compares something new with something known. Look, for example, at the Iranian jar argument. Below are some of the crucial contexts in which analogies function: Sitting in church, a bored Galileo realized that the pendulum motion of the chandelier swinging overhead was an analogy for freefall. New York City : New York :: California : United States. All these various machines and their parts are adjusted to each other with an accuracy which ravishes into admiration all men who have ever contemplated them. They have stuff in common; they share properties. Cut them now because we might have to cut them in the future? There might be life on Europa because it has an atmosphere that contains oxygen just like the Earth. The people who get hurt are pretty much innocent, Breceda said. But analogies are often used in arguments. The logic behind this argument is that all books are boringis the type of judgment used in these types of arguments. http://www.idsnews.com/article/2016/eird-election. In short, even if we forget that the phrase clear and present danger may be equivocal, the argument does not score well on the second portion of the total evidence condition. The plot of the book had many emotional highs and lows, making it feel like you rode the ups and downs of a roller coaster. The author is refuting the argument of Willie Robertson, the Duck Dynasty star. From a logical point of view, analogical arguments are borrowers. . Just like cigarettes, refined sugar is unnecessary for optimal functioning and eventually leads to poorer health outcomes. We will continue to use F and G as property letters. It fits the schema for analogical arguments: the new course she has signed up for is designated by c; the property were predicting it has (Q) is that it is a course Alice will get an A in; the analogues are the four previous courses shes taken; what they have in common with the new course (P1) is that they are also Philosophy classes; and they all have the property QSally got an A in each. The concept of vintage year took on a new meaning this week when two scientists presented the first chemical evidence that wine existed as far back as about 3500 bc. (g) I predict that I will find this trip more enjoyable than a visit to the dentist. They can hint as well as hide. Argument by analogy has long been regarded as the characteristic way of arguing in ancient Chinese culture. Finally, the conclusion of an analogical argument infers that the target domain also possesses f on the basis of its known similarities to the source domain. to note about analogies is that any two objects are bound to be similar in some ways and not others. Because two things can be similar or dissimilar in an infinite variety of ways, there are no two things that are fundamentally disanalogous. Of course, the criteria we're considering apply only if the matters with which they are concerned are relevant to the argument. They can be represented by this form: Background argumentan argument that shows that the inferred similarity (of an analogical argument) follows from the basic similaritythat is, an argument that shows that the basic similarity is relevant. Sigmund Freud, New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. Analogy examples. Thus, what a deductive argument by analogy requires is a principle that makes the argument valid (2a).This is a principle asserts that P is true for anything that has some specific relevant feature x.. Full Structure of a Deductive Argument by Analogy In this section, we will look at the various uses of analogical reasoning. We wouldn't think that a watch can come about by accident. If they had something like that happen in the English department, would they do away with that? Instead of adding to that part of the argument, well tweak the conclusion. Ordinarily, for example, we would assume that the day of . So if we present an analogical argument explicitly, it should take the following form : (Premise 1) Object X and object Y are similar in having properties Q1 Qn. We can refer to these as the " analogues ". Here are some examples: There might be life on Europa because it has an atmosphere that contains oxygen just . But thats not right. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. For this reason, analogical arguments are extremely important in domains like science. Sample exercise. The premise would probably be true, but we would have created the same logical difficulty described in the Einstein argumentthe basic similarity is not the same in each premise. Learn all about analogical reasoning. Almost all the movies you love, they love. Some good analogical arguments are deductively valid. Legal. An argument by analogy may use a particular truth in a premise to argue towards a similar particular truth in the conclusion. But for an inductive argument to be logically strong it must not only satisfy the correct form condition; it must also satisfy the total evidence condition. Answer: Basically an argument from analogy is an attempt to arrive at a conclusion about something for which one has no class or covering rules by way of those things that one does. Consider the amount of available information about the source and target domains when evaluating an analogical argument. Alice has gotten an A four times in a row from this professorall the more reason to expect shell receive another one. Surely my high school physics teacher is not as smart as Einstein. This particular form is such that it is possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false. Even a difference between the analogues and the item in the conclusion, with the right kind of relevance, can strengthen an argument. The universe is a complex system like a watch. This, too, makes the theater case a better candidate for lack of protection by the right to free speech. Suppose the other four philosophy classes were taught be the same teacher, but the new one is taught by a TAwho just happens to be her boyfriend. Joe's shirt today is blue. Just because the plot of novel X is similar to the plot of a boring novel Y, it does not follow logically that X is also boring. An analogical argument is an explicit representation of a form of analogical reasoning that cites accepted similarities between two systems to support the conclusion that some further . flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? Arguments from analogy declare that because two items are the same in one respect they are the same in another. 1. In a good marriage, partners often seek counseling to help them resolve their difficulties. But never mind, its only for nine months. There are many dissimilarities. Analogical reasoning uses analogical arguments to compare a source domain to a target domain, using known properties of each to infer unknown properties about the target domain. They can be represented by this form: The two things (or classes of things) that are said to be similar in an argument from analogy. Sometimes we can argue for a conclusion more directly without making use of analogies. We can lay out this form schematically as follows: a1, a2, , an, and c all have P1, P2, , Pk Here is one good way to clarify the argument: Variations on this model are common. He is asked if monkeywrenching trees is ever justified. The point is, the kinds of knock-down refutations that were possible for deductive arguments are not possible for inductive arguments. In the following example of an effective analogy, science writer Claudia Kalb relies on the computer to explain how our brains process memories: Some basic facts about memory are clear. If the form of an argument is such that it is possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false, then the argument is invalid. The conclusion "leads to poorer health outcomes" is relevant because the same mechanism (consumption of either sugar or cigarettes) is what causes the outcome. to keep the violinist alive. We can use this pattern of reasoning for more overtly persuasive purposes. Like any validity counterexample, the reasoning can be represented as an argument from analogy, clarified as follows: Here the relevance of the similarity depends on a deductive background argument; for the way to argue that a certain form (the basic similarity) is invalid (the inferred similarity) is by use of this valid affirming the antecedent argument, which has a self-evidently true first premise: In this case, the logical strength of the analogical argument is borrowed from a sound deduction. Either way, the argument is unsound. My high school physics teacher is able to revolutionize physics.

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