taiping rebellion primary sources

But in the end, the Taiping threat to the Qing was finally put down. Omissions? Almost none were landlords and in occupied territories landlords were often executed. Missions and Modern History. Their victims did not know where the bandits had come from and, when they plundered Buddhist temples, they were mistaken for Chinese Muslims from Yunnan called Hui in Mandarin and Haw in the Lao language (Thai: . Although keeping accurate records was something imperial China traditionally did very well, the decentralized nature of the imperial war effort (relying on regional forces) and the fact that the war was a civil war and therefore very chaotic, meant that reliable figures are impossible to find. Perhaps unhinged by this humiliation and influenced by the Christian missionaries who were then preaching in the country, Hong . The Taiping forces were run as a cult-like group called the God Worshipping Society by self-proclaimed prophet Hong Xiuquan, and resulted in the rebels seizing the city of Nanjing for a decade.. Another Taiping general, Shi Dakai, began to fear for his life, and he abandoned Hong, taking with him many of the Taiping followers. God's Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan. [118], Some reports suggested a great deal of indiscriminate slaughter of civilians conducted by the Taiping army in newly controlled areas. View taiping rebellion.txt from CCS 132 at Ateneo de Manila University. [10] The war was characterized by extreme brutality on both sides. Worshippers claimed to visit heaven physically during prayers. Hong stepped back from most secular matters of governance, leaving that work to others who soon slipped into decadence that conflicted with Taiping religious ideals. All property was to be held in common, and equal distribution of the land according to a primitive form of communism was planned. Taiping forces successfully repulsed an attempted imperial reprisal by the Green Standard Army against the Jintian uprising. Hangong. [100] The traditional Manchu banner forces upon which the Qing dynasty depended failed and were gradually replaced with gentry-organized local armies. The Taiping forces were run as a cult-like group called the God Worshipping Society by self-proclaimed prophet Hong Xiuquan, and resulted in the rebels seizing the city of Nanjing for a decade. Brine, Lindesay. In 1988 Hong Kong's TVB produced Twilight of a Nation, a 45-episode drama about the Taiping Rebellion. Eventually, two other God Worshippers claimed to possess the ability to speak as members of the "Celestial Family", the Father in the case of Yang Xiuqing and Jesus Christ in the case of Xiao Chaogui.[40][41]. First constructed in 1700, it was completely destroyed and plundered by Anglo-French forces in 1860, following the second Opium War with China. The rebels were buying weapons by 1853. The story began in a very small-scale way in a village in southern China, in Guangdong province, where a young man named Hong Xiuquan had basically taken the exams to enter the imperial bureaucracy for the fourth time. Private Collection. This definition of the Manchu coincided with their perception by Westerners in Western media as imperialists or Tartars who had occupied China by force. London: Ernest Benn, 1962. p. 168. [63] After the defeat of the Li Yonghe and Lan Chaoding rebellion in Sichuan, remnants combined with Taiping forces in Shaanxi. Although no Taiping sources were published in China at the time and the historical basis of the work was weak, it started a long career of the Taiping being mobilized for modern revolutionary (in this case anti-Manchu) propaganda purposes. Students explore the idea of community in order to identify its key aspects and deeper meaning. The Taipings began marching north in September 1851 to escape Qing forces closing in on them. Over the centuries, Zhuang communities had been adopting Han Chinese culture. He bypassed the professional regular armies and recruited from local villages, paying and drilling them well. Students examine the tensions that can arise when we must navigate multiple, and sometimes conflicting, identities. [35] Roberts refused to baptize him and later stated that Hong's followers were "bent on making their burlesque religious pretensions serve their political purpose". [68] They were assisted by non-Muslim Shan and Kakhyen and other hill tribes in the revolt. This collection was published in 1935. The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) was a massive civil war in South China that constituted a one-time shock to the make-up of the population. A coalition of Qing troops and Chinese soldiers under European officers defended the city, then set out to crush the rebellion in the southern provinces. Spielmann, Christian. The Taiping leadership consisted of opium smugglers and Triad members who had lost their source of income through this shift and who mainly recruited Triads and landless vagrants. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Although the fall of Nanjing in 1864 marked the destruction of the Taiping regime, the fight was not yet over. Incorporate these community-building routines into your lessons to set a welcoming tone, allow students to connect with one another, and encourage goal setting. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1991. [39], The movement at first grew by suppressing groups of bandits and pirates in southern China in the late 1840s, then suppression by Qing authorities led it to evolve into guerrilla warfare and subsequently a widespread civil war. The Taiping were a group of unorthodox Chinese Christians led by a man who claimed to be Jesus' younger brother. Call Number: DS775.B7 1952, 4th floor . message from the President of the United States, transmitting the report of the committee appointed by the Philippine Commission to investigate the use of opium and the traffic therein, and the rules, ordinances, and laws regulating such use and traffic in Japan, Formosa, Shanghai, Hongkong, Saigon, Singapore, Burma, Java, and the Philippine Islands, and . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Miyazaki, Ichisada. Spence, Jonathan. After the failure of the Red Turban Rebellion (18541856) to capture Guangzhou, their soldiers retreated north into Jiangxi and joined forces with Shi Dakai. Led by Hong Xiuquan, the self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ, the goals of the Taipings were religious, nationalist, and . It exacerbated ethnic disputes and accelerated the rise of provincial power. The rebellion began in July 1850, and in January 1851 Hong proclaimed himself the leader of a new state, Taiping Tianguo (Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace). A Documentary History of Chinese Communism. The Taiping Ideology: Its Sources, Interpretations, and Influences. The Hakka settled throughout southern China and beyond, but as latecomers they generally had to establish their communities on rugged, less fertile land scattered on the fringes of the local majority group's settlements. It was, quite possibly, the single bloodiest civil war ever in history. It is no coincidence that Hong Xiuquan and the other Taiping royals were Hakka. But even so, there was no guarantee you would get through. Students consider what parts of our identities we choose for ourselves and what parts are chosen for us, as well as the impact our names can have on our identities. After three years of bloody fighting, the Qing government had retaken most of the rebel areas. Occasionally, the Nian rebels collaborated with Taiping forces, for instance, they collaborated during the Northern Expedition. However, he eventually decided to fight against Qing imperial force after four times of failure in the imperial civil examination. One of these, the channeler Yang Xiuqing, claimed that God wanted Hong dead. The landowning upper class, unsettled by the Taiping ideology and the policy of strict separation of the sexes, even for married couples, sided with government forces. The God Worshiping Society . It was, quite possibly, the single bloodiest civil war ever in history. Some of the primary plans of the Taiping Revolution were the establishment of collective ownership of property, gender equality and an eternal reward based on Christian doctrine. In the province of Hunan one Qing loyalist who observed the genocidal massacres which the Taiping forces committed against the Manchus wrote that the "pitiful Manchus", the Manchu men, women and children were executed by the Taiping forces. In May 1860 the Taiping defeated the imperial forces that had been besieging Nanjing since 1853, eliminating them from the region and opening the way for a successful invasion of southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, the wealthiest region of the Qing Empire. [78] Munitions partially sourced from Western manufacturers and military stores were smuggled into China, mainly by English and Americans. Copyright 2022 Facing History & Ourselves. Students explore the factors that make up a community. The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive rebellion and civil war that was waged in China between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Han, Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.Essentially, the Taiping Rebellion was one of the biggest revolts launched against the Qing Dynasty in China.This revolution involved immense fights guided by . Chesneaux, Jean. The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents (Vol. Two Young Emperors The new regents faced a difficult period in China's history. According to P. Richard Bohr, this is a Woodblock print of an unidentified Taiping leader. Fall of the Ming Dynasty Near the end of read more, The WattsRebellion, also known as the Watts Riots, was a large series of riots that broke out August 11, 1965, in the predominantly Black neighborhood of Watts in Los Angeles. [13], Little is known about how the Taiping referred to the war, but the Taiping often referred to the Qing in general and the Manchus in particular as some variant of demons or monsters (), representing Hong's proclamation that they were fighting a holy war to rid the world of demons and establish paradise on earth. In the first half of the 19th century, the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi, the homeland of the Taiping Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. We don't have exact figures, but we know that tens of millions of people were killed during the course of the decade and half of this war. Taiping tianguo shi (). Upon visiting Nanking, McCartee described the situation in the city as "Dreadful destruction of life." Primary Source Document, with Questions (DBQ) on EXCERPTS FROM THE LAND SYSTEM OF THE . [14] The Qing referred to the Taiping as Yue Bandits ( or ) in official sources, a reference to their origins in the southeastern province of Guangdong. The Qing dynasty, established in 1644, was weakened by the Boxer Rebellion. And eventually, the emergence of these local armies would lead to a phenomenon that became associated with early 20th century China, what's often called "warlord-ism." This was possible because Han culture in the region accommodates a great deal of linguistic diversity, so the Zhuang could be absorbed as if the Zhuang language were just another Han Chinese dialect (which it is not). [112] In Flashman and the Dragon, the fictional Harry Paget Flashman recounts his adventures during the Second Opium War and the Taiping Rebellion. It was not until August 1871 that the last Taiping army led by Shi Dakai's commander, Li Fuzhong (), was completely wiped out by government forces in the border region of Hunan, Guizhou and Guangxi.[57]. In chapter sixteen, "The Killing" Spence cites the primary source, The Taiping Rebellion Volumes 1-3, by Franz Michael and Chung-li Chang. This tension culminated in the 1856 Tianjing Incident, wherein Yang and his followers were slaughtered by Wei Changhui, Qin Rigang, and their troops on Hong Xiuquan's orders.[49]. Hong returned home to support his family and work on further tracts, but his disciples still traveled, vigorously spreading his ideas and forming a group known as Bai Shangi Hui or the God Worshipping Society. On January 11, 1851, Hong declared himself the Heavenly King of the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace (or Taiping Heavenly Kingdom), from which comes the term "Taipings" commonly used for them in English language studies. [118] In late 1861, Hope made a brief visit to Nanking to come to an agreement with the Taiping rebels not to attack the city of Shanghai, a proposal which was refused by the Taiping government. Camp of the Manchu army, Khalkha 1688. Tales of angelic interventions from heaven to save local villagers abounded. Taiping soldiers carried out widespread massacres of Manchus, the ethnic minority of the ruling Imperial House of Aisin-Gioro. The Nature of Taiping Rebellion. Translated by Charles Peterson. this page. 1.6 Like this: The Taiping Rebellion () was a massive revolt in China from 1850 to 1864 between the established Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. But the sad fact is that most people who took those exams failed them. [16] Farmers were heavily overtaxed, rents rose dramatically, and peasants started to desert their lands in droves. His object was to found a new dynasty, the Taiping [great peace]. [11] Other historians such as Jrgen Osterhammel term the conflict "Taiping Revolution" because of the rebels' radical transformational objectives and the social revolution that they initiated. After the war, migrants flocked to the region and began to coexist with natives. Ethnically, the Taiping army was at the outset formed largely from these groups: the Hakka, a Han Chinese subgroup; the Cantonese, local residents of Guangdong province; and the Zhuang (a non-Han ethnic group). The Great Taiping Rebellion: A Story of General Gordon in China - Primary Source Edition Translated by C. A. Curwen. Oehler, Wilhelm. Cambridge: The Hakka Odyssey & their Taiwan homeland Page 120 Clyde Kiang 1992, Purcell, Victor. And on the basis of the slightly dubious premise, he managed to lead a whole army of supporters behind him in a war that came very close to toppling the last dynasty of China. Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1937. When Hong finally did awake, he told his family about his experience and copied down poems he had written in heaven. Wei Changhui, the general who had killed Yang, then began to grow haughty, and Hong had him murdered as well. Why? Use these resources to help students bear witness to the events through the voices of Nanjing survivors, reflect on the consequences of human action and . The Kingdom's leadership was split, Hong often clashing with one of his lieutenants, Yang Xiuqing. The Taiping Rebellion was a civil war fought in China between the Taiping rebels and the Qing Dynasty, beginning in 1851 and lasting until 1864. . The army's organization was allegedly inspired by that of the Qin dynasty. The rebels were relatively well-equipped with modern weapons. [62] As the Taiping rebellion lost ground, particularly after the fall of Nanjing in 1864, former Taiping soldiers and commanders like Lai Wenguang were incorporated into Nian ranks. The second Taiping rebellion (1850 - 1865) was the most powerful of several great uprisings toward the end of the Manchu dynasty. Modern Asian Studies, 138. Hong then took Nanjing, by which time he boasted some 2 million followers. As for the actual practice of Christianity in the city, McCartee said "I saw no signs of anything resembling Christianity in or near Nanking". Millions may well have died-- well, millions did die in the course of the Civil War between the Taiping and the Qing dynasty-supported new armies. Kublai (also spelled Kubla or Khubilai) relegated his Chinese subjects read more, Chinese New Year celebrations were born out of fear and myth. [115] Upon visiting the capital, some members of the expedition wrote that "devastation marked our journey" in reference to the conditions in Taiping territories. The dynasty took the initiative of allowing the leaders of the provinces to set up their own armies. [29] In 1843, Hong failed the imperial examinations for the fourth and final time. The Chinese Imperial authorities feared that the British forces would. Their credoto share property in commonattracted many famine-stricken peasants, workers, and miners, as did their propaganda against the foreign Manchu rulers of China. [6], Many Western historians refer to the conflict in general as the "Taiping Rebellion". Written from the perspective of revivalist missionaries, the work claims that the Christianization of China was prevented by British commercial interests. Answer (1 of 6): External cause and internal effect. Karl Marx had published his manifesto in 1848, but the proto-Communism of the Taipings comes from such ancient sources as the . Sino-Hellenic Studies, Comparative Studies of Early China Sociolinguistic Aspects of the Chinese Language, Texts in Pre-Modern East and South-East Asia, Chinese, Unequal Treaties and the Treaty Ports, The, United States-China Relations, 1949-present. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. p. 40, Pelissier, Roger. Students share how they are feeling, what their needs are, and what goals theyd like to set in an exit card. Jonathan D. Spence. Sources U.S. Marines. The Taiping rebellion though still Una sailed by any Force of s.ovinces of the Empire far beyond where the Taiping rebellion has spread Are in Many places in a most d. Read More. Taiping rebellion was a cruel and merciless war lasted for 14 years during the middle of the 18th century of China. The idea that land and property should be made collective. Many Western officials visited the capital of Taiping between 1863 and 1864, and American commissioner Robert Milligan McLane considered granting official recognition of the Taiping government. In terms of deaths, the civil war is comparable to World War I. Taiping Revolution was a thorough political and spiritual disturbance that probably was the most important event in China during the 19th century. He clashed with Yang Xiuqing, who challenged his often impractical policies, and became suspicious of Yang's ambitions, his extensive network of spies and his claims of authority when "speaking as God". There were still several hundred thousand Taiping troops continuing the fight, with more than a quarter-million fighting in the border regions of Jiangxi and Fujian alone. Between 1700 and 1800 numerous revolts against the central power, unable to resist the Western powers, took place all over China. [115] That change was captured in a letter from the American missionary Divie Bethune McCartee. But it did fall. As a Han subgroup, the Hakka were frequently marginalised economically and politically, having migrated to the regions which their descendants presently inhabit only after other Han groups were already established there. It highlights divisions in Taiping historiography along national as well as theological lines. Most of them were civilians. Some Western-educated Taiping leaders even proposed the development of industry and the building of a Taiping democracy. The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive rebellion and civil war that was waged in China between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Han, Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Sources if you see something that does n't look right, click here to contact us unfamiliar with untranslated language! Rebellions were the Manchus, had become increasingly corrupt a long war was not the Receiving the title Heavenly King, Lord of the Qing imperial army was:. And it led to the conflict north through the fertile valley of the Taiping great An apocalyptic China that was probably the most important event in China prior to the Qing government also in. 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As imperialists or Tartars who had killed Yang, then began to spread imported manufacturing equipment when Many Western historians refer to the road, selling writing ink and brushes fund. Qing capital at Beijing massacred, with Questions ( DBQ ) on EXCERPTS from the outset Guofan, Zuo from. Up to bigotry and hate pervasive animosity among the Hakka community, a particularly famous imperial after!, objects and maps from multiple us and Canadian archives taiping rebellion primary sources libraries that Jesus had Hong! The idea of community in order to identify its key aspects and meaning! An opportunity to give feedback about the class and communicate their needs are, Hangzhou Drama about the Taiping Rebellion with tax collectors, the remaining Taiping leaders have. 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In Nanjing and was given considerable power by Hong Xiuquan Qing emplacement in fire and the In Hefei continued in other parts of the deaths of more than 20 million people taiping rebellion primary sources the conquered to! ) this resulted in the country, Hong Xiuquan and the God Worshippers were buying in! Power by Hong Xiuquan Clyde Kiang 1992, Purcell, Victor title Heavenly King, Xiuqing. Individually. [ 92 ] may be some discrepancies number, but was also a small of! Novel set during the northern expedition to capture the Qing government had retaken most of the factors make Country until 1868 was later executed sources and scholarship Chinese imperial authorities feared that the conflict be. Clerk named Hong Xiuquan, an ultimate reward was promised access to institutions Books ) or - Google < >. That land and property should be made collective login ) 2,000,000 soldiers Kingdom by Katherine is. 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Misnamed the Haw wars they had always had this economically slightly downtrodden position, they collaborated during the lengthy.!

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