panchen lama controversy

Since 1949 the Chinese government has used the minority-education system for Tibetans to acquire the Chinese language, considered a key tool of Sinicization pressure, contrary to UNESCO policy on cultural and linguistic diversity. In the centuries following the historical Xuanzang, an extended tradition of literature fictionalizing the life of Xuanzang and glorifying his special relationship with the Heart Stra arose, of particular note being the Journey to the West[60] (16th century/Ming dynasty). [3], Pabongkhapa feared a decline of Gelug monasteries, and induced a revival movement, which promoted the Gelug as the only pure tradition. Since the arrival of Christian missionaries in India in the 1st century (traits of Christians in Kerala from 1st-century Saint Thomas Christians), followed by the arrival of Buddhism in Western Europe in the 4th and 5th centuries, similarities have been perceived between the practices of Buddhism and Christianity. No country is allowed to invade, occupy, annex and colonize another country just because its social structure does not please it. After the final meeting, a letter was drafted to be presented to the United Front Department of the Communist Party to ask for help in countering those discriminating against Shugden practitioners in India. (21 December 2015). [53] This is no longer the case, China has been rapidly expanding government assimilation policies in the 2010s. This page was last edited on 7 October 2022, at 18:52. Thus, Shuk-den has become the main Ge-luk protector replacing the traditional supra-mundane protectors of the Ge-luk tradition, indeed a spectacular promotion in the pantheon of the tradition, Raimondo Bultrini: "But not everyone agreed with the decision to hold that ritual in the monastery dedicated to the guardian deity of the Dalai Lamas and the Tibetan government. [46], Within Tibet, schools issue warnings to parents that students should not be attending classes at monasteries, a long-standing tradition, or engage in any religious activity. Classical transliterations of the mantra include: Jid jid, blujid, blusngjid, pt sph, . ", Raimondo bultrini: HHDL states "The previous Dudjom Rinpoche, one of the great Nyingmapa masters, once told me that Shugden was negative for the Tibetan government. It is a condensed expos on the Buddhist Mahayana teaching of the Two Truths doctrine, which says that ultimately all phenomena are sunyata. Or. Originally from the Sakya school as a minor protector that was part of the Three Gyalpo Kings (Shugden, Setrap, and Tsiu Marpo), Shugden was subsequently adopted as a "minor protector" of the Gelug, the newest of the schools of Tibetan Buddhism,[7] headed by the Dalai Lamas (although nominally the Ganden Tripas). Meanwhile, the western part of Xikang (i.e. For other uses of the word, see, 5th Shamarpa, Shamar Kncho Yenlak and Jamgn Kongtrul Lodr Thay, Translation: Artur Przybysawski, "Calling the Lama from Afar: Two Suplicaitons to the Root Teacher. Some went so far as to claim that the Dalai Lama was not the true Dalai Lama, that the search party had selected the wrong child forty years before. [42], According to Dreyfus, "The irony is that Shuk-den is presented by his followers as the protector of the Ge-luk (dge lugs) school, of which the Dalai Lama is the (de facto) leader. Beginning from the 8th century and continuing at least until the 13th century, the titles of the Indic manuscripts of the Heart Sutra contained the words "bhagavat" or "mother of all buddhas" and "prajpramit". Sympathisers of the Chinese government's position view the pre-1950s abuses as justifying the Communist regime in the Tibetan Autonomous Region. It is an outstanding example of his exemplary collection of fine data. As the Gelug agent of the Tibetan government in Kham (Khams) (Eastern Tibet), and in response to the Rimed movement that had originated and was flowering in that region, Phabongkha Rinpoche and his disciples employed repressive measures against non-Gelug sects. 15, Letter to WTN by Goldstein July 2008, quoted on, Goldstein, "Reexamining Choice" (1986), pg. On 11 June 1949, at twelve years of age in the Tibetan counting system, Gonpo Tseten was enthroned at the major Gelugpa monastery in Amdo, Kumbum Jampa Ling monastery as the 10th Panchen Lama and given the name Lobsang Trinley Lhndrub Chkyi Gyaltsen. It enumerates a series of stories that Zimey Rinpoche had heard informally from Trijang Rinpoche about the many Ge-luk lamas whose lives are supposed to have been shortened by Shuk-dens displeasure at their practicing Nying-ma teachings. [28], With the Panchen Lama's invitation, Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok joined him in 1988 on a consecration ritual in central Tibet, which became a monumental pilgrimage of sacred Buddhist sites in Tibet, among them the Potala Palace, the Norbulinka, the Nechung Monastery, then to Sakya Monastery and Tashilhunpo Monastery, and also to Samye Monastery. [81][82] In 2007 Shanxi, China was the scene of its own slave scandal that turned out to involve human trafficking and slave labor in Hebei, Guangdong and Xinjiang provinces as well. If it were not so harmful to persons and traditions, this would surely be one of the funniest examples of the cross-cultural confusion that lack of critical reflection continues to create.[36]. But Barnett said that claiming the difficulties faced by the Shugden practitioners are not a major human rights concern: "We see this being done under the name of human rights, which is not really quite what is at issue here. It was a military campaign by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to take the Chamdo Region from a de facto independent Tibetan state. [22][31] Both Kuj and Woncheuk's commentaries approach the Heart Sutra from both a Yogcra and Madhyamaka viewpoint;[5][22] however, Kuj's commentary presents detailed line by line Madhyamaka viewpoints as well and is therefore the earliest surviving Madhyamaka commentary on the Heart Sutra. The Sino-Tibetan War [citation needed] (Chinese: ; pinyin: Kngcng binji jifn, lit.KhamTibet border dispute) was a war that began in 1930 when the Tibetan Army under the 13th Dalai Lama responded to the attempted seizure of a monastery. We are ashamed and sorry that this causes the reputation of Buddhists in general to be damaged. [4]:10506 Lines 1718 assert the emptiness of the Twelve Nidnas, the traditional twelve links of dependent origination, using the same shorthand as with the eighteen dhatus. Though definitions and [10]:6769[11]:2[note 7][note 8], The text has been translated into many languages, and dozens of English translations and commentaries have been published, along with an unknown number of informal versions on the internet. [6] He coupled Dorje Shugden to Gelug exclusivism, using it against other traditions, and against Gelugpa's with eclectic tendencies. [web 13] Matthews notes that "In spite of speculation, no connection has been found between New Kadampa Tradition and the murders in Dharamsala" [32]. [citation needed] The various polities comprising Tibet have changed significantly over the past 2,000 years, and even during the modern period there have been dramatic changes in what Tibet is, as anthropologist Geoff Childs writes: "[Tibet] has undergone numerous political transformations from a unified empire (640842) incorporating parts of what are now Nepal, India, Pakistan, and several provinces of China (Gansu, Xinjiang, Sichuan, Yunnan), to a collection of independent and sometimes antagonistic kingdoms and polities associated with various monasteries (8421248), to protectorate under the power of an expanding Mongol empire (12481368), back to a collection of independent and sometimes antagonistic kingdoms and polities associated with various monasteries (13681642), to a centralized state under the clerical administration of the Dalai Lamas (16421720), to a protectorate of the Manchu Qing Dynasty (17201911), and finally to a nation having de facto independence under the clerical administration of the Dalai Lamas (19111951)"[3], Although the central leadership in Lhasa had authority of these areas for various periods, some Western writers claim that this did not imply the kind of political control seen in modern Western states. The earliest recorded commentary is the early 14th century Thin commentary entitled 'Commentary on the Prajhdaya Sutra' by Php Loa. "[web 1] Dodin also states, "The NKT can be described typologically as a cult on the basis of its organisational form, its excessive group pressure and blind obedience to its founder. The Tibet Autonomous Region or Xizang Autonomous Region, often shortened to Tibet or Xizang, is a province-level autonomous region of the People's Republic of China in Southwest China.It was overlayed on the traditional Tibetan regions of -Tsang and Kham.. Bayan Har Mountains, a southern branch of the Kunlun Mountains, forms the watershed between the catchment basins of China's two longest rivers, the Yangtze River and Through grassroots initiatives by Tibetan educators, Tibetan had been somewhat available as the main language of instruction in primary, secondary and tertiary education in Qinghai. Debate continues as to whether pre-1950 Tibetan society was especially oppressive or was comparable to, or better than, similar social structures in nearby regions. I think these examples clearly demonstrate the role China is playing in this conflict. Beal, Samuel. He also provides a couple of examples of the Chinese government's role in Shugden activity: For instance, the construction of Shugden temples and monasteries is being subsidised by the State. ", For decades, the content of this report remained hidden from all but the very highest levels of the Chinese leadership, until one copy surfaced in 1996. He noted that only a dozen or two dozen slaves remained, unlike nearby Bhutan where slavery was more widespread. There could not be two protectors under the same roof, wrote the abbot to His Holiness, the Thirteenth Dalai Lama. The initial reaction was positive, but in October 1962, the PRC authorities dealing with the population criticized the petition. [37], According to the state-run Peoples Daily, the Dalai Lama was invited by the Buddhist Association of China to attend the Panchen Lama's funeral and to take the opportunity to contact Tibet's religious communities. Lama (Tibetan: , Wylie: bla-ma; "chief") is a title for a teacher of the Dharma in Tibetan Buddhism. [web 24][web 25] They also posted two lists of Tibetan participants of the protests[web 26][web 27] and a declaration by former NKT members and ex-practitioners of Dorje Shugden. [25] Two years later, the AI stated in an official press release that complaints by Shugden practitioners fell outside its purview of "grave violations of fundamental human rights" (such as torture, the death penalty, extrajudicial executions, arbitrary detention or imprisonment, or unfair trials), adding that "while recognizing that a spiritual debate can be contentious, [we] cannot become involved in debate on spiritual issues. promulgate the teaching and the audience to whom the teaching is given. At the time, the Lama had no money and was still blacklisted by the party, but the wife of Deng Xiaoping and widow of Zhou Enlai saw the symbolic value of a marriage between a Tibetan Lama and a Han woman. Scholar Jane Ardley explains the development of the claims of the WSS: Worship of this figure is especially popular in eastern Tibet, and the present Dalai Lama prayed to Dorje Shugden for many years. [52], Coleman, integrating Goldstein's research with subsequent work done by other scholars including Rebecca French, Graham Clarke, and Franz Michael, argues that Goldstein overemphasized the de jure status of the mi ser at the expense of de facto characteristics a high degree of social and economic mobility, and hence autonomy; frequently successful negotiations with lords to improve their status; and flight from untenable situations such as unpayable debts and exorbitant labor requirements. Melvyn C. Goldstein, in McKay 2003, p.222. The 10th Panchen Lama was born as Gonpo Tseten on 19 February Harada's cross-philological study is based on Chinese, Sanskrit and Tibetan texts. T. G. Arya, Central Tibetan Administration, MacFarquhar, Roderick & Michael Schoenhals (2006). The Tibetan government in exile claims that other ethnically Tibetan areas to the east and to the north also belong to Tibet, i.e. Tibet claimed three provinces (Amdo, Kham and -Tsang), but only controlled western Kham and -Tsang. Asian studies scholar John Powers concludes that ideology was the most powerful influence on the translations: "In contemporary China, the Communist Party strictly controls the presentation of history, and several formal resolutions have been issued by the Central Committee, which are intended to guide historians in the "correct" interpretation of historical events and actors. Georges Dreyfus at the time remarked that in pre-1959 Gen-la would have been killed outright for his temerity. [16][17] According to Isabel Hilton, it remains the "most detailed and informed attack on China's policies in Tibet that would ever be written. However, the AI replied that the SSC's allegations were as yet unsubstantiated. [32] Goldstein describes himself as having conservative political views. The crisis was precipitated by the shootings of nine unarmed civilians on May 8 in the The political debate associated with the Serfdom in Tibet controversy rests on whether these incidents justify the positions of the opposing parties. Its northeastern extension Qilian Shan is another main northern range of the Kunlun. "[30] Powers has characterized Goldstein as "generally pro-China"[31] but also called his History of Modern Tibet "the most balanced treatment". From that day the practice of the gyalpo spread like oil on water among the young students in the colleges. [69], In 2017 Tibetan nomads previously forced from traditional grazing lands in a state-directed resettlement scheme in Qinghai were told to go back due to a new policy announced in 2016, so authorities could use their current homes for development as tourist centers and government employees housing. The 14th Dalai Lama and the Central Tibet Administration have characterized Sinicization programs as genocide or cultural cleansing.[4][5]. Sources on the history of Tibet are available from both pro-Chinese and pro-Tibetan writers. [11][note 13], Warren Smith asserts that within Chinese-controlled territory, the Chinese government demanded that monks worship Shugden, in conjunction with forcing them to denounce the Dalai Lama and fly the flag of China. Exploring New Religions. The Dorje Shugden controversy is a controversy over Dorje Shugden, also known as Dolgyal, whom some consider to be one of several protectors of the Gelug school, the school of Tibetan Buddhism to which the Dalai Lamas belong. [56] The Chinese Communist Party issued orders in December 2018 forbidding informal classes taught by Tibetan monks or other unapproved groups,[57] and ordered schools to stop teaching all subjects in Tibetan, except the Tibetan language in first grade classes, in May 2019 in Golog, in Chinese, Guoluo, Tibet Autonomous Region. [2][clarification needed]. Local officials were also more likely to find peaceful outcomes in a community setting than to resort to harsher government resolution. Mooney, Paul. Both before and after the Communist takeover of 1950 there have been examples of human rights abuses, both state-sanctioned and otherwise. This is the root of the problem. The first English translation was presented to the Royal Asiatic Society in 1863 by Samuel Beal, and published in their journal in 1865. The Tibetan Ganden Phodrang regime was ruled by the Qing dynasty until 1912. Egaku, the protagonist of the film, also chants the Heart Sutra in Japanese. 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