dr. abeer a. al-masri, phd a. professor, consultant, Cardiovascular Physiology - . Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts Second Edition,Lippincott . Hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidosis VD cerebral BF. These hormones regulate the blood volume through their effects on the kidney (urine formation). Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. The VMC discharges continuous vasoconstrictor impulses through sympathetic nerve fibers to the various arterioles to keep them in a state of moderate or partial vasoconstriction. noradrenalin, vasopressin (ADH) & angiotensin II. ABP reflex of heart rate + reflex vasodilatation of arterioles ABP. The blood flow in this circulation occurs mainly during cardiac diastole There is no efficient anastomoses between the coronary vessels. Angiotensin II (AII) ABP by two mechanisms: 1) AII is a powerful vasoconstrictor generalized vasoconstriction peripheral resistance ABP. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. PR I/r4). The glycogen content of the brain meets its metabolic needs only for 2 minutes. - It is also called warm shock. blood heart peripheral circulation. So, loss of small amounts of blood every day over many months, does not disturb the circulation though it may produce anaemia. The diastolic BP shows little or no change. J. PHYSIOL. The exact cause is unknown. Create stunning presentation online in just 3 steps. 168cc lf161qmk. It may be: External haemorrhage: in which the blood is shed outside the body or Internal haemorrhage: in which the blood passes from vascular system to tissue spaces or to the body cavities (e.g. In severe muscular exercise, the work of the heart increased and the CBF may be increased up to 2 liters/ minute. ABP. Part II CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE X:HAEMORRHAGE, SHOCK & HEART FAILURE Outline: - Haemorrhage: : Effects of haemorrhage. close to its normal level 1. SHOCK - Shock is a clinical syndrome characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion due to decreased cardiac output and decreased ABP (hypotension). heart & circulation. Classification of computers (- Minicomputers) (Microcomputers), Irresistible content for immovable prospects, How To Build Amazing Products Through Customer Feedback. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Features expanded clinical coverage including obesity, metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, Alzheimer's disease, and other degenerative diseases. Tap here to review the details. secondary to a tumor in the supra- renal gland secretion of cortisol, Aldosterone & adrenaline. electrophysiology of the heart. mechanism - Aldosterone c) Capillary fluid shift Long-term regulation=renal mechanisms: - body fluid-pressure - Shift of fluid from capillaries control mechanism. PULMONARY CIRCULATION Pulmonary Circulation is the circulation between right ventricle and left atrium. It is a rich circulation (5% of the CO while the heart weight is 300gm). solution of nutrients/wastes. Pale and cold skin: the skin is pale due constriction of skin capillaries and it is cold due to constriction of skin arterioles blood volume passing through the skin. The large distensibility of the pulmonary vessels renders the pulmonary peripheral resistance to be considerably low (about 1/6 that of the systemic circulation). Arthur Guyton's concepts of the determinative role of right heart filling in cardiac output continue to be controversial. Ed. Venous Drainage: Coronary venous drainage occurs through two systems: 1) Superficial system: which drains the left ventricle. Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall. cardiovascular system function functional anatomy of the heart myocardial. The in C.O.P. is useful because it pulmonary gas exchange without over working the heart. Hypertension is a chronic state of elevated arterial blood pressure: The upper limits of normal ABP in different age groups Any levels higher than these limits are considered as hypertension. CONTROL OF ABP Factors that determine and maintain ABP Cardiac output. Intracranial pressure: This is normally about 10 mm Hg. Effected organs : The heart and blood vessels. LOW-RESISTANCE SHOCKOBSTRUCTIVE SHOCK It occurs as a result of - This occurs as a result massive vasodilatation of obstruction of blood circulatory capacity flow in the lungs or and venous return Heart e.g. These vessels dilate and their capacity without excessive without excessive in P.B.P. The opposite effects occur if the ABP falls. b) Short pulmonary capillaries and veins which are easily distensible, CHARACTERISTICS of the PULMONARY CIRCULATION 1. Outline: figure 14-7g. in skeletal muscles and skin. 3. regulation of blood pressure. 1. enter the sympathetic chain via the white ramus and terminate there or ascend or descend a few segments before terminating 2. enter via the white ramus and exit via a splanchnic nerve and terminate in a prevertebral (collateral) ganglion 3. By responding to various stimuli, it can control the velocity and amount of blood carried through the vessels. (Voltage) TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GUYTON & HALL 11TH EDITION UNIT II CHAPTER 5 Dr.Mohammed Alotaibi MRes, PhD (Liverpool, England) . Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. The PR depends mainly on 2 factors: (diameter of arterioles and blood viscosity) Diameter of arterioles: - The PR is inversely proportional to the diameter of arterioles i.e. heart & circulation. Physiology of the Cardiovascular System. heart rate of diastolic BP & HR of diastolic BP. difference between the arterial and venous pressures at the brain level. Irresistible content for immovable prospects, How To Build Amazing Products Through Customer Feedback. Cardiac neurogenic shock, tamponade or massive septic shock anaphylactic pulmonary embolism. The Heart Atrial syncytium Ventricular syncytium Two pumps: the right (blood to the lungs) and the left (blood to the peripheral organs) Both pumps contract and relax to move the blood inside and out of the heart in one direction. EFFECTS OF HAEMORRHAGE Hypotension ( ABP) inadequate perfusion Cerebral hypoxia (ischaemia) depression of brain (cortex and centers) coma. Vasoconstrictor substance: e.g. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Normal degree of peripheral resistance. Guyton's original mathematical model is used with his data to show that a simultaneous increase in arterial pressure and decrease in right atrial pressure with increasing cardiac output is due to a blood volume shift into the systemic arterial circulation from the systemic venous circulation. The brain is highly sensitive to hypoxia or ischaemia because of 3 factors: The high metabolic rate of the brain compared with that of the whole body. In the medulla, ischemia produces local hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidosis which are strong stimulants of the medullar vasoconstrictor center. blood heart peripheral circulation. apartments in dearborn. The anginal pain may radiate to left shoulder, left arm or forearm, or abdomen. Dr. Abdulhalim Serafi, MB ChB,MSc,PhD,FESC Assistant Professor & Consultant Cardiologist Faculty of Medicine Umm Al-Qura University Makkah Al-Mukarramah Saudi Arabia. Reactions that increase the cardiac output (CO) and peripheral resistance (PR): These are produced due to stimulation of the VCC by (a) signals from the ischaemic peripheral chemoreceptors (b) its release from the inhibitory effect of the arterial and atrial baroreceptors (c) the CNS ischaemic response. review integrated cardiac, Cardiovascular Physiology - Cardiovascular physiology. 1 anatomy and-physiology-of-the-cardiovascular-system (2), Anatomy, physiology & patophysiology of the cardiovascular, cardiovascular physiology based on Ganong's, Physiology of cardiovascular system dr toufiqur rahman, Cardiovascularsystem 110221045748-phpapp02, Anatomy and-physiology-of-the-cardiovascular-system-medical-surgical-nursing-ppt, Ppt cvs phsiology a small review for anaesthetist, James Malce Alo, PhD, MAN, MAPsych, RN, OSHA, The assessment of confusion in the older adult, Respiratory anatomy and physiology faculty version, Clinical examination of the gi tract and abdomen [recovered] [recovered], Structured examination of the Respiratory System. Anginal pain may be relieved by rest & coronary VD drugs. 9-1 Cardiac Muscle Has actin and myosin filaments Blood volume: Normal blood volume (5-6 liters with normal vascular capacity) is important for normal ABP (systolic and diastolic) Slight or moderate change in the blood volume almost no effect on ABP due to some compensatory reaction in the CVS that restore normal BP e.g. dried sweat on back can cause cough; slippery rock university football schedule 2022; 4. These reactions restore blood pressure and blood volume in mild or moderate haemorrhage. in skeletal and skin Chemical Regulation The arterioles show VD or VC by some chemical or hormonal agents. Click here to review the details. student manual dr. guido e. santacana. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. The regional pulmonary blood flow is controlled by gravity (it is greater in the bases of the lungs) and O2 tension (it is reduced in hypoxic areas). PR V). Regulation of extra cellular - Atrial reflexes. heart, Cardiovascular Physiology - . normal systolic BP=120 25. (and not V.D as they produce in other tissues). Reactions that increase the cardiac output (CO) and, b- Restoration of the plasma proteins (by increased. metabolites, acetylcholine, The activity of the VMC (:: sympathetic vasomotor tone) is. metabolites. Dr. Abdulhalim Serafi, MB ChB,MSc,PhD,FESC Assistant Professor & Consultant Cardiologist Faculty of Medicine Umm Al-Qura University Makkah Al-Mukarramah Saudi Arabia. Hypotension blood flow to the brain (ischaemia). cardiac work CBF and cardiac work CBF. metabolites, acetylcholine, histamine and bradykinine. Reactions that maintain a normal blood volume: These include: a- Restoration of the plasma volume by (a) ADH (helps water retension in the body) (b) Secretion of aldosterone (by effect of angiotensin II) which increases Na+ and water retension in the body (c) Drinking water (as a result of the increased thirst sensation) (d) Inhibition of secretion of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Long-term regulation of the ABP: This is a slowly-acting pressure control mechanism called renal-body fluid-pressure control mechanism. is useful, The brain is highly sensitive to hypoxia or ischaemia, Autoregulation of the Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF). Thus, SV systolic BP & SV systolic BP. Part II CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY. cardiovascular disease is #1 cause of death major underlying cause is ischemia due to: Cardiovascular Physiology - . Systolic BP shows little or no change. Summary BODY REACTION TO HAEMORRHAGE Immediate CompensatoryDelayed Compensatory ReactionsReactions heart rate COP Secretion of ADH & Vasoconstriction of aldosterone retention arterioles (PR)of water plasma volume. Regional blood flow in the brain varies during different physiological or pathological conditions e.g. However, this renders this area more liable to ischemia and infarction. Angina Pectoris is to narrowing of the coronary arteries ischemia of the cardiac muscle pain which is retrosternal (behind the sternum). 4- Chronic injection of supra-renal cortical hormones. The severe vasoconstriction elevates the ABP toward normal to improve the blood flow to the brain. dr. poland room 3-007, sanger hall phone: 828-9557 e-mail: poland@hsc.vcu.edu. it determines blood pressure. They play a very important role to prevents reflexes correct a rise in pressure by decreasing the cardiac pumping (decrease in heart rate) and the peripheral resistance (vasodilatation). due to a large COP ABP e.g. systemic diseases, Cardiovascular Physiology - . Slow mechanism = balance between water loss and water gain. The coronary vessels are susceptible to degeneration and atherosclerosis. qiang xia ( ), md & phd department of physiology room c518, block c. Cardiovascular Physiology - . CBF. b) Occlusion of one of the coronary arteries or its branches by coronary thrombosis severe ischemia. IMPORTANCE OF ABP Normal mean ABP provides the force that drives blood to the tissues I.e. +. lecture outline. c) Hormones Thyroxin cardiac metabolism coronary vasodilator CBF. 3- Experimental neurosis by efferent stimuli such as loud noises. Cardiogenic shock 4. as in left sided heart failure, mitral stenosis and emphysema. VENTRICULAR MUSCLE 3. Delayed compensatory reactions Delayed reactionsaim at keeping the arterial B.P. The diameter of arterioles is regulated by 2 mechanisms (nervous and chemical): Nervous regulation: The diameter of arterioles is under the control of the vasomotor center (VMC) which is present in the medulla oblongata. dr james ker. In the medulla oblongata, ischaemia local hypoxia, hypercapnia ( CO2) and acidosis ( H+) which are strong stimulants of the vasoconstrictor centre (VMC) ABP toward normal to improve blood flow to the brain. Increase of the circulatory capacity (with normal blood volume) ABP e.g. The rate at which this loss occurs. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Source: The Guyton and Hall Physiology. This response is very important in cases of severe hypotension, at blood pressures below 60 mm Hg. The blood flow in the pulmonary capillaries is rapid 0.75 second at rest. behind the sternum) due to ischemia of the cardiac muscle. shock (histamine shock). Physiology, Cardiovascular The cardiovascular system provides blood supply throughout the body. Bridging the Gap Between Data Science & Engineer: Building High-Performance T How to Master Difficult Conversations at Work Leaders Guide, Be A Great Product Leader (Amplify, Oct 2019), Trillion Dollar Coach Book (Bill Campbell). tubes. Exchange of gases between blood and alveolar air. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. cardiac cycle. At that time, it was widely accepted that the heart controlled cardiac output and that peripheral resistance controlled arterial blood pressure. Firing level of -40 mV. The CBF varies inversely with the intracranial pressure. FACTORS AFFECTING CBF (coronary circulation) The amount of blood passing through the coronary vessels (CBF) is directly proportional to the work done by the heart i.e. Part II CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE III:REGULATION OF ARTERIAL BP Outline: - Short-term regulation of the ABP. Interruption of blood flow to the brain (severe brain ischaemia) leads to loss of consciousness in about 5 seconds. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Aldosterone causes Na & H2O reabsorption from renal tubules salt and water retention blood volume ABP.
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