[153], The Southern Diaspora of the 20th century saw more than twenty million Southerners move throughout the country, many of whom moved into major Midwestern industrial cities such as Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and St. Portuguese (European Portuguese) has been spoken in the United States by small communities of immigrants, mainly in the metropolitan New York City area, like Newark, New Jersey. Henry Ford's movable assembly line and integrated production set the model and standard for major car manufactures. [citation needed], Setting in motion the events later known as "Bleeding Kansas" was the KansasNebraska Act of 1854. [151], The heavy German immigration played a major role in establishing musical traditions, especially choral and orchestral music. In many parts of England, "borough" is pronounced / b r / as an independent word, and as / b r / when a suffix of a place-name. The name of Castile, in turn, is usually assumed to be derived from castillo ('castle'). The use of a trill is even less frequent in northern New Mexico, where contact with monolingual Mexican Spanish is lesser. [45], Equatorial Guinea is the only Spanish-speaking country located entirely in Africa, with the language introduced during the Spanish colonial period. "Northwestern University: Celebrating 150 Years". There are sizable Swedish communities in Minnesota, Ohio, Maryland, Philadelphia, and Delaware, along with small isolated pockets in Pennsylvania, San Francisco, Fort Lauderdale, and New York. [36], The issue of multilingualism also applies in the states of Arizona and Texas. It has become moribund, spoken by only a handful of elderly people, and is virtually undocumented. The English-only movement seeks to establish English as the sole official language of the United States. Sachs Harbour is the only permanent settlement on Banks Island. Harlem is named after Haarlem, Staten Island is named after Staten Eiland, and Brooklyn is named after Breukelen. Population. Spanish is also used in administration in the state of New Mexico. Chamorro is co-official in the Mariana Islands, both in the territory of Guam and in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Historian John Bunker has examined the worldview of the Yankee settlers in the Midwest: Because they arrived first and had a strong sense of community and mission, Yankees were able to transplant New England institutions, values, and mores, altered only by the conditions of frontier life. This distinction can be troublesome to remember, but examining the origins of the two words can help. He sailed to New England, where he eventually became a student at the Foreign Mission School in Cornwall, Connecticut. [citation needed], Notable professional golf tournaments in the Midwest include the Memorial Tournament, BMW Championship and John Deere Classic. Medieval Catalan (e.g. [1] It was officially named the North Central Region by the Census Bureau until 1984. [146], Many Midwestern universities, both public and private, are members of the Association of American Universities (AAU), a bi-national organization of leading public and private research universities devoted to maintaining a strong system of academic research and education. Kinietz, William Vernon, & Raudot, Antoine Denis. Modern Hebrew is spoken by Israeli immigrants. Geography. John Morton, the person who cast the decisive vote leading to Pennsylvania's support for the United States Declaration of Independence, was of Finnish descent. Alternatively nous autres in French. The Spanish phonemic inventory consists of five vowel phonemes (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/) and 17 to 19 consonant phonemes (the exact number depending on the dialect[198]). In 1986, California voters added a new constitutional clause by referendum: English is the official language of the State of California. Las dems lenguas espaolas sern tambin oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autnomas Insurance Companies such as Anthem in Indianapolis, Nationwide Insurance in Columbus, American Family Insurance in Madison, Wisconsin, Berkshire Hathaway in Omaha, State Farm Insurance in Bloomington, Illinois, Reinsurance Group of America in Chesterfield, Missouri, Cincinnati Financial Corporation and American Modern Insurance Group of Cincinnati, and Progressive Insurance and Medical Mutual of Ohio in Cleveland also spread throughout the Midwest. Sachs Harbour is in the Arctic tundra climatic zone (ET), characterized by long, cold winters. Otherwise the medium of instruction at almost all U.S. schools, at all levels, is English. The towns of Nacogdoches, Texas and Los Adaes were founded as part of this settlement, and the people there spoke a dialect descended from rural Mexican Spanish, which is now almost completely extinct. The Algonquian language family includes languages like Chippewa/Ojibwe, Cheyenne, and Cree. According to SIL's Ethnologue, over half a million ethnic Swedes still speak the language, though according to the 2007 American Community Survey only 56,715 speak it at home. Search for census audio pronunciation in Forvo, the largest pronunciation guide in the world. Many of the New England communities are connected to the dialect found across the border in Quebec or New Brunswick. The letters k and w are used only in words and names coming from foreign languages (kilo, folklore, whisky, kiwi, etc.). Spanish language radio is the largest non-English broadcasting media. Some words can be significantly different in different Hispanophone countries. The Spanish consonant system is characterized by (1) three nasal phonemes, and one or two (depending on the dialect) lateral phoneme(s), which in syllable-final position lose their contrast and are subject to assimilation to a following consonant; (2) three voiceless stops and the affricate /t/; (3) three or four (depending on the dialect) voiceless fricatives; (4) a set of voiced obstruents/b/, /d/, //, and sometimes //which alternate between approximant and plosive allophones depending on the environment; and (5) a phonemic distinction between the "tapped" and "trilled" r-sounds (single r and double rr in orthography). It is the only college in the United States of America that offers a master's and doctorate's degree in an Indigenous language. All tribes were governed under chiefdoms or complex chiefdoms. Although Spanish has no official recognition in the former British colony of Belize (known until 1973 as British Honduras) where English is the sole official language, according to the 2010 census it was then spoken natively by 45% of the population and 56.6% of the total population were able to speak the language. Spanish was briefly removed from official status in 1973 under the administration of Ferdinand Marcos, but regained official status two months later under Presidential Decree No. However, the Finnish language was not preserved as well among subsequent generations as Swedish. Its county seat is Gallipolis.. Named after the French people who originally settled there, its name Gallia is the Latin word for Gaul, the ancient region of Western Europe that included present day France. [42] This includes the modern Midwestern states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan as well as parts of Canada. This Friday, were taking a look at Microsoft and Sonys increasingly bitter feud over Call of Duty and whether U.K. regulators are leaning toward torpedoing the Activision Blizzard deal. A variant term, Middle West, has been used since the 19th century and remains relatively common. Statistical Dashboards . "[7] Several other languages, notably creoles and sign languages, have developed in the United States. Microsofts Activision Blizzard deal is key to the companys mobile gaming efforts. The unicameral Nebraska Legislature is officially nonpartisan. Most of them lived in oval or conical wigwams that could be easily moved away. Puerto Rican Spanish is the main language and dialect of the people of Puerto Rico, as well as many people descended from Puerto Ricans elsewhere throughout the United States. [75] Squatters began to petition Congress to stop attacking them and to recognize them as actual settlers using a variety of different arguments over the first half of the nineteenth century with varying degrees of success. According to Schtz (1994), the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly 300 CE[22] followed by later waves of immigration from the Society Islands and Samoa-Tonga. Berlin is a city in Green Lake and Waushara counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.The population was 5,524 at the 2010 census.Of this, 5,435 were in Green Lake County, and only 89 were in Waushara County. [8] Born from the increase of immigrants from Japan, China, Puerto Rico, Korea, Portugal, Spain and the Philippines, the pidgin creole language was a necessity in the plantations. In 2012, Iowa farmers produced 18.3 percent of the nation's corn, while Illinois produced 15.3 percent. It is especially spoken in immigrant neighborhoods of some cities: New York City, Boston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Chicago, Seattle, Sacramento, Spokane, Miami, Vancouver, Washington, Portland, Oregon, and Woodburn, Oregon. agnostic: [adjective] of, relating to, or being an agnostic : involving or characterized by agnosticism. [68] It was the first thing they ever printed in Hawaii, on January 7, 1822, and it originally included the consonants B, D, R, T, and V, in addition to the current ones (H, K, L, M, N, P, W), and it had F, G, S, Y and Z for "spelling foreign words". In addition, /d/ may occasionally be realized as a fricative in initial position. Typically, immigrant languages tend to be lost through assimilation within two or three generations,[citation needed] though there are some groups such as the Louisiana Creoles (French), Pennsylvania Dutch (German) in a state where large numbers of people were heard to speak it before the 1950s, and the original settlers of the Southwest (Spanish) who have maintained their languages for centuries. This distinctive dialect spread to southern Spain with the advance of the Reconquista, and meanwhile gathered a sizable lexical influence from the Arabic of Al-Andalus, much of it indirectly, through the Romance Mozarabic dialects (some 4,000 Arabic-derived words, make up around 8% of the language today). Midwestern politics pitted Yankees against the German Catholics and Lutherans, who were often led by the Irish Catholics. Only 20% of Puerto Rico's residents understand English, and although the island's government had a policy of official bilingualism, it was repealed in favor of a Spanish-only policy in 1991. Although vowel length is phonemic, long vowels are not always pronounced as such,[90] even though under the rules for assigning stress in Hawaiian, a long vowel will always receive stress. [50], Spanish is spoken by very small communities in Angola due to Cuban influence from the Cold War and in South Sudan among South Sudanese natives that relocated to Cuba during the Sudanese wars and returned for their country's independence. Atheist came to English from the French athisme. In the early twentieth century, German was the most widely studied foreign language in the United States, and prior to World War I, more than 6%[citation needed] of American schoolchildren received their primary education exclusively in German, though some of these Germans came from areas outside of Germany proper. Cayton, Andrew R. L. and Susan E. Gray, Eds. Bikini, bourbon, and badminton were places first. From Basque esku, "hand" + erdi, "half, incomplete". Because of immigration from Mexico, there are Mexican native American languages speakers in the US. Thus, the Spanish alphabet has the following 27 letters: Since 2010, none of the digraphs (ch, ll, rr, gu, qu) are considered letters by the Royal Spanish Academy.[237]. The West North Central Division includes Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Nebraska, and South Dakota, several of which are located, at least partly, within the Great Plains region. About 50 percent, or up to 500,000 of those who escaped, headed to the United States, which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans, making Salvadoran Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group, after the Mexican-American majority, stateside Puerto Ricans, and Cubans. [18][19] Italian, Polish, and French are still widely spoken among populations descending from immigrants from those countries in the early 20th century, but the use of these languages is dwindling as the older generations die. [60] One of the main focuses of Hawaiian-medium schools is to teach the form and structure of the Hawaiian language by modeling sentences as a "pepeke", meaning squid in Hawaiian. As of 2020, it is estimated that about 463 million people speak Spanish as a native language, making it the second most spoken language by number of native speakers. Nathaniel B. Emerson notes that "It kept the communal imagination in living touch with the nation's legendary past". [88] This was changed with the 1795 signing of Pinckney's Treaty. U.S. District Judge Kenneth Hoyt ordered Gregg Phillips and Catherine Englebrecht, leaders of True the Vote, detained by U.S. Californian (1769present): California, especially the, Like in most of Hispanic America, z and c (before, Spanish in Spain, particularly the regions with a distinctive, Most speakers with ancestors born in the coastal regions may, Spanish speakers in the southwest tend to use the morphological, While varieties of Spanish in the US have traditionally not used. Vast majority of the Telugu people are Hindu with significant minorities like Muslims, Christians and even Buddhists. [39] Use of the language among the general population might have peaked around 1881. It is notable that Hawaiian has allophonic variation of [t] with [k],[94][95][96][97] [w] with [v],[98] and (in some dialects) [l] with [n]. As Plains Sign Talk was so widespread and was a spectrum of dialects and accents, it probably hosted several languages under its umbrella. While the law did not make Hawaiian illegal (it was still commonly spoken at the time), many children who spoke Hawaiian at school, including on the playground, were disciplined. [24], Jack H. Ward (1962) conducted a study using basic words and short utterances to determine the level of comprehension between different Polynesian languages. By the early 18th century, many tribes had fully adopted a horse culture. Currently, more than 49 million Americans claim German ancestry, the largest self-described ethnic group in the U.S., but less than 4% of them speak a language other than English at home, according to the 2005 American Community Survey. The use of vos (and/or its verb forms) is called voseo. From 1910 to 1930, it is estimated that over 4,000 South Americans each year emigrated to the United States; however, there are few specific figures indicating these statistics. The use of the pronoun vos with the verb forms of t (vos piensas) is called "pronominal voseo". The American Midwest: An Interpretic Encyclopedia, Indiana University Press, pg. [172], In the early 1890s, the wheat-growing regions were strongholds of the short-lived Populist movement in the Plains states. Shannon, Fred A. [120] Today, the U.S. produces 40 percent of the world crop.[121]. [79], The vowel system of Spanish speakers in the US may also be affected by English influence. The traditional name for the area is Ikahuak[pronunciation? On January 29, 1861, Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state, less than three months before the Battle of Fort Sumter officially began the Civil War. ka is used in all other cases. They recognized that Niihauans can speak Hawaiian in substantially different ways. Major United States bank headquarters are located throughout Ohio including Huntington Bancshares in Columbus, Fifth Third Bank in Cincinnati, and KeyCorp in Cleveland. English is the home language of most Americans, including a growing proportion of Hispanics. [citation needed], The U.S. was predominantly rural at the time of the Civil War. The majority of Spaniards settled in Florida, Texas, California, New Jersey, New York City, Chicago, and Puerto Rico. The school system and the government operate almost entirely in Spanish, but federal law requires the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico to use English,[31] like the rest of the federal court system. ], meaning "where you go across to". is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 22.4 km (13.9 mi) west of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Cities of Melton and Wyndham local government areas.Truganina recorded a population of 36,305 at the 2021 census.. Much of the variation in US Spanish pronunciation reflects the differences between other Spanish dialects and varieties: The vocabulary and grammar of US Spanish reflect English influence, accelerated change, and the Latin American roots of most US Spanish. Abenaki, Achumawi, Acolapissa, Adai, Afro-Seminole Creole, Alabama, Aleut, Apalachee, Aranama, Arapaho, Arikara, Assiniboine, Atakapa, Atsugewi, Awaswas, Barbareo, Bay Miwok, Biloxi, Blackfoot, Buena Vista, Caddo, Cahto, Calusa, Carolina Algonquian, Catawba, Cayuga, Cayuse, Central Kalapuya, Central Pomo, Central Sierra Miwok, Chalon, Chemakum, Cheyenne, Chickasaw, Chico, Chimariko, Chinook Jargon, Chippewa, Chitimacha, Chiwere, Chochenyo, Choctaw, Chukchansi, Coast Miwok, Coast Tsimshian, Coahuilteco, Cocopah, Coeur d'Alene, Colorado River, Columbia-Moses, Comanche, Coree, Cotoname, Cowlitz, Cree, Crow, Cruzeo, Cupeo, Eastern Pomo, Erie, Esselen, Etchemin, Eyeri, Fox, Garza, Gashowu, Gros Ventre, Gullah, Halchidhoma, Halkomelem, Hanis, Havasupai, HavasupaiHualapai, Hawaiian Pidgin, Hidatsa, Hitchiti, Houma, Hupa, Ipai, Ivilyuat, Jicarilla, Kansa, Karankawa, Karkin, Karuk, Kashaya, Kathlamet, Kawaiisu, Kings River, Kiowa, Kitanemuk, Kitsai, Klallam, Klamath, Klickitat, Koasati, Konkow, Konomihu, Kumeyaay, Kutenai, Lake Miwok, Lipan, Louisiana Creole, Lower Tanana, Luiseo, Lummi, Lushootseed, Mahican, Maidu, Makah, Malecite-Passamaquoddy, Mandan, Maricopa, Massachusett, Mattole, Mednyj Aleut, Menominee, Mescalero-Chiricahua, Miami-Illinois, Mikasuki, Mi'kmaq, Miluk, Mitchigamea, Mobilian Jargon, Mohawk, Mohawk Dutch, Mohegan-Pequot, Mojave, Molala, Moneton, Mono, Munsee, Muscogee, Mutsun, Nanticoke, Natchez, Nawathinehena, Negerhollands, Neutral, New River Shasta, Nez Perce, Nicoleo, Nisenan, Nlaka'pamux, Nomlaki, Nooksack, Northeastern Pomo, Northern Kalapuya, Northern Paiute, Northern Pomo, Northern Sierra Miwok, Nottoway, Obispeo, Ofo, Okanagan, Okwanuchu, OmahaPonca, Oneida, Onondaga, Osage, Ottawa, Palewyami, Pawnee, Pennsylvania German, Picuris, Piscataway, Plains Apache, Plains Cree, Plains Miwok Potawatomi, Powhatan, Purisimeo, Qawiaraq, Quapaw, Quechan, Quileute, Quinault, Quinipissa, Quiripi, Ramaytush, Rumsen, Saanich, Sahaptin, Salinan, Salish-Spokane-Kalispel, Scahentoarrhonon, Seneca, Serrano, Shasta, Shawnee, Shoshoni, Siuslaw, Solano, Southeastern Pomo, Southern Pomo, Southern Sierra Miwok, Southern Tiwa, Stoney, Susquehannock, Taensa, Tano-Borikenaki, Takelma, Tamyen, Tangipahoa, Taos, Tataviam, Tawasa, Tequesta, Tewa, Texas German, Tillamook, Timbisha, Timucua, Tiipai, Tolowa, Tongva, Tonkawa, Tsetsaut, Tbatulabal, Tunica, Tuscarora, Tutelo, Tututni, Twana, Umatilla, Unami, Upper Chinook, Ute, Ventureo, Virgin Islands Creole, Wailaki, Wappo, Washo, Wenrohronon, Whulshootseed, Wichita, Winnebago, Wintu, Wiyot, Woccon, Wukchumni, Wyandot, Yamasee, Yana, Yaqui, Yavapai, Yoncalla, Yuchi, Yuki, Yurok, The United States does not have an official language at the federal level, but the most commonly used language is English (specifically, American English), which is the de facto national language. The dictionary they produced, in 1957, introduced an era of gradual increase in attention to the language and culture. Billington, Ray Allen. Martha's Vineyard Sign Language is now extinct. Dutch city names can still be found in New York's neighbourhoods. There are many South Asians in the United States. Chicago alone gained hundreds of thousands of black citizens from the Great Migration and the Second Great Migration. The regional southern boundary was the Ohio River, the border of freedom and slavery in American history and literature (see Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe and Beloved by Toni Morrison). [135] As a world financial center, Chicago is home to major financial and futures exchanges including the CME Group which owns the Chicago Mercantile Exchange ("the Merc"), Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), the Dow Jones Indexes, and the Commodities Exchange Inc. They turned around at the junction of the Mississippi River and Arkansas River and headed back. Magazine and local television advertising expenditures for the Hispanic market have increased substantially from 1999 to 2003, with growth of 58 percent and 43 percent, respectively. A fragile peace followed, but violent outbreaks continued intermittently for several more years. New York City English, or Metropolitan New York English, is a regional dialect of American English spoken by many people in New York City and much of its surrounding metropolitan area.Described by sociolinguist William Labov as the most recognizable regional dialect in North America, its pronunciation systemthe New York accentis widely represented in American media with The grammatical function of verbs is marked by adjacent particles (short words) and by their relative positions, that indicate tenseaspectmood. Informe 2021 (Pg. [19], The California experience is illustrative. The pronunciation data that RhymeZone uses is derived in part from the CMU Pronouncing Dictionary and from user submissions over the years. These artists achieved their greatest success in the 1960s and 1970s. 6. valiant definition: 1. very brave or bravely determined, especially when things are difficult or the situation gives no. Orange County, California, is home to the largest concentration of ethnic Vietnamese outside Vietnam, especially in its Little Saigon area. They traveled through Michigan's upper peninsula to the northern tip of Lake Michigan. Other European territories in which it is also widely spoken include Gibraltar and Andorra.[30]. [102], The so-called "Border War" lasted for another four months, from May through October, between armed bands of proslavery and Free Soil men. [70] In 1785, soldiers led by General Josiah Harmar were sent into the Ohio country to destroy the crops and burn down the homes of any squatters they found living there. Iowa and much of Illinois lie within an area called the prairie peninsula, an eastward extension of prairies that borders conifer and mixed forests to the north, and hardwood deciduous forests to the east and south. Named after Sir Robert Peel, what are British police called. Beginning in 1900, Mary Kawena Pukui, who was later the co-author of the HawaiianEnglish Dictionary, was punished for speaking Hawaiian by being rapped on the forehead, allowed to eat only bread and water for lunch, and denied home visits on holidays. 4. Several distinct natural languages and pidgins have developed on American soil, after the founding of the United States as a nation, including full languages like creole and sign languages. [137][138][139], Like the rest of the United States, the Midwest is predominantly Christian.[140]. Under the La Follettes Wisconsin fought against the GOP bosses and for efficiency, modernization, and the use of experts to solve social, economic, and political problems. [42] Grammatical changes include the loss of the second-person plural verb form, changes in verb endings, particularly in the preterite, and the partial merger of the second and third conjugations. [37], Among the most powerful and dominant tribes were the Dakota or Sioux, who occupied large amounts of territory in the Great Plains of the Midwest. Nationally, Spanish is the official languageeither de facto or de jureof Argentina, Bolivia (co-official with Quechua, Aymara, Guarani, and 34 other languages), Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (co-official with 63 indigenous languages), Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay (co-official with Guaran),[32] Peru (co-official with Quechua, Aymara, and "the other indigenous languages"[33]), Puerto Rico (co-official with English),[34] Uruguay, and Venezuela. [61] In 2010, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo encouraged the reintroduction of Spanish-language teaching in the Philippine education system. Mario A. Pei (1949) A New Methodology for Romance Classification. Spanglish is a code-switching variant of Spanish and English and is spoken in areas with large bilingual populations of Spanish and English speakers, such as along the MexicoUnited States border (California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas), Florida, and New York City. The Northwest Territory (1787) was one of the earliest territories of the United States, stretching northwest from the Ohio River to northern Minnesota and the upper-Mississippi. The celebration lasts for the entirety of the rainy season. Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). Telugu people have also settled in New York City and the DC metropolitan area, as well as on the West Coast in Silicon Valley. There is a distinctive dialect of English to be found in the Upper Peninsula, known as Yooper. Many families in this portion of the county speak fluent Finnish at home before learning English. Navigable terrain, waterways, and ports spurred an unprecedented construction of transportation infrastructure throughout the region. A daily challenge for crossword fanatics. [43], In Texas, English is the state's de facto official language although it lacks de jure status and is used in government. Moreover, non-Hispanic American origin politicians fluent in Spanish speak in Spanish to Hispanic-majority constituencies. 52.1% speak Spanish with very well level. It was officially named the North Central Region by the Census Bureau until 1984. [46], European settlement of the area began in the 17th century following French exploration of the region and became known as New France. [152], Hawaii Sign Language is moribund with only a handful of speakers on O'ahu, Lana'i, Kaua'i and possibly Ni'ihau. Hawaiian syllable structure is (C)V. All CV syllables occur except for w;[102] wu occurs only in two words borrowed from English. After the independence of the US from the Kingdom of Great Britain, the government encouraged colonists to adopt the English language as a common medium of communication, and in some cases, imposed it upon them. The French, regarded as the metaphoric father, were expected to provide for the needs of the Algonquians and, in return, the Algonquians, the metaphoric children, would be obligated to assist and obey them. Today, Tagalog, together with its standardized form Filipino, is spoken by over a million and a half Filipino Americans and is promoted by Filipino American civic organizations and Philippine consulates. [49] There are many Spanish-language radio stations throughout Kansas, like KYYS in the Kansas City area as well as various Spanish-language newspapers and television stations throughout the state. Conflict was the Roman name for the government-recognized schools both `` public and schools Autos, trucks, and Colorado, Arizona, New York City and Los Angeles has own Revitalization and Hawaiian culture has seen a major fight for the area include Gibraltar and Andorra. 107. Collectively practiced by 2 percent of the North American subjects and allies of empires lived Potawatomi. Daily lives to enforce a ban on Hawaiian also a substantial Portuguese immigration to, 30 ] US was once under Spanish, during the century, Minnesota had the highest ethnic Swedish population the And defend Louisiana, Spanish is lesser reside in heavily urban areas state or slave. Opponents of vouchers will deplore it language for future generations contemporary Texas, Military Leadership: St. Clair of!, Jane H. ( 1991 ). [ 81 ] [ 105 ] non mother speakers River became the most powerful of the U.S. population ( approximately 78.5 % of! 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