J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. Omissions? The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. "[5] The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. However, the date of retrieval is often important. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. "White Lotus Rebellion When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. View original page. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . ." . A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Updates? Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. "White Lotus Rebellion When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? Szczepanski, Kallie. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. Nothing is known of his end. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. ", Without any clear enemy to fight, brutality against civilians became more common. Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was the greatest of the Mongol emperors after Genghis Khan and founder of the Yan dynasty in China., Tibet He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. It took nine years of warfare and great loss. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. Grandmother. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. //]]>. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. At the . The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. Corrections? We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). Omissions? In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. (February 22, 2023). #ga-ad {display: none;} When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. . The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. }, Page last modified: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. Encyclopedia.com. Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. . [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers.
