I'm not an adult. Examples of fallacious non sequitur statements include: If Jo loves to read, she must hate movies. A non sequitur isn't just a random statement that comes out of nowhere. All things need water to grow. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. NewsNation BestReviews Nexstar Digital Journalistic Integrity Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information; THE HILL 1625 K STREET, NW SUITE 900 WASHINGTON DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 TEL | 202-628 . Back! Stoppard decided to feature them as the two main characters in his own play in which the two men struggle with absurdity and the lack of logic that governs their lives. It came from a news report on the internet describing a particularly well-preserved archaeological excavation site in Georgia. Polonius is not following the trajectory of Hamlets argument. His eyes go wide and stark, and he jumps across the table at the unsuspecting man. It's when there is a gap between the premise and the conclusion. The wind lifted. In the film, Neo (the protagonist) has a conversation with Morpheus about how he cant be told what the matrix is because its impossible to understand without living in it. Today. Here is how a non-sequitur might sneak into an essay. This in an example of an informal fallacy. An argument that follows this path is said to be valid. It is rare, however, to find an example of a non sequitur in speeches that have been written out, as generally when trying to appeal to logic a speaker will try to show all the rationale behind their thoughts and sentences. (Angrily.) non sequiturs or non sequuntur) Any abrupt and inexplicable transition or occurrence. Youre growing up so fast. Some non sequitur fallacies are obvious, while others may be harder to spot. A logical fallacy is employed like a logical reason, but it is flawed and illogical. The article says that the president is going to be impeached, but it doesnt give any evidence. I will water this rock, and it too will grow. Therefore, the defendant is the thief." His apartment building is huge. About The Helpful Professor For instance: The sentences do not follow a proper sequence in non sequitur, and words do not give the same meaning as readers suppose them to do.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'literarydevices_net-medrectangle-4','ezslot_1',125,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-literarydevices_net-medrectangle-4-0'); One can find non sequitur examples in everyday speech and in different fields of life, such as in the practice of law where non sequitur in arguments is regularly used. In these cases, there doesn't have to be two or more premises. Yossarian sees that Orr is fixing a gas leak, and when he questions Orr about it Orr responds nonsensically with a story about carrying crab apples in his cheeks. Non sequitur is also a term used in philosophy for a leap in logic. Simply, a non sequitur is an unjustified inference. One hundred pages later, he therefore kills the local constable.". Non sequiturs can also be assumptions that are not necessarily true. To avoid a non-sequitur, don't get _____. This is absurd, too, but its not nearly as absurd as the first non-sequitur. The long running comedy show "The Simpsons" features the character Ralph, whose one-liners are often great examples of non sequiturs. 1. All musicians are talented. A non-sequitur is a conclusion that does not logically follow the premise. She should run for mayor. Plants need water to grow. It assumes that just because A is blue and B is red, then C must be yellow. Solving the CO2 problem is not the point. I provide the jury with the following argument: 'The murder took place at Vito's Pizza. It connects evidence to a conclusion without any logic. A post-hoc argument asserts a cause using correlation. A non-sequitur is not synonymous with a post hoc argument, an informal fallacy. No, it's too minty.'. Religion gives great comfort to people. Therefore, Horse is true.. After all, Im a human!. Non Sequitur definition: An inference or conclusion that does not follow from the premises or evidence. Non sequiturs are used all the time in religious arguments; here are some examples: The Bible says that god is real. Examples of Non Sequiturs Marilyn drives a Mercedes. Related to Word-Salad Humor and, when applied to the Rule of Scary, Word . Okay, let's say that I wanted to prove that all dogs are good herders. I could have sworn it was a carrotESTRAGON: (Chewing) I asked you a question.VLADIMIR: Ah.ESTRAGON: Did you reply?VLADIMIR: Hows the carrot?ESTRAGON: Its a carrot.. She gave him a slightly scornful glance, and he racked his brains to see if he could find the reason for the non sequitur. 1. Many formal logical fallacies are types of non sequiturs, such as Affirming the Consequent (If you're a good person, then Im a good person. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. To avoid a non-sequitur, don't leave out any steps of your _____. You may well be a man, but this argument would not logically prove that. Some legal arguments presented in court rely on a logical non-sequitur, while a number of . Tio Gabunia is an academic writer and architect based in Tbilisi. It further assumes that the creature is not just a bird but a raven (something absent from the premises). Rabbits are my favorite animal.B. Descartes, the founder of psychological idealism, having proceeded from the conscious fact, cogito ergo sum, to the non sequitur that I am a soul, and all a soul can perceive is its ideas, nevertheless went on to the further illogical conclusion that from these mental ideas I can (by the grace of God) infer things which are . Lawyers use all types of fallacies to further their cases. Namely: because bicycles and cars are similar in some way, they must share all properties (in this example, being bad for the environment). In this case, however, the argument is a non sequitur. This is an example of non sequitur from William Shakespeares famous play Hamlet. The non sequitur fallacy is also known as the irrelevant conclusion and is a common way for people to avoid admitting they are wrong. Rather, it is the logic of the argument itself that is flawed. Here we can clearly see the use of non sequiturs, where Estragon persistently asks a question, but Vladimir does not bother to answer. Fig. Either-Or Fallacy Overview & Examples | What is the Either-Or Fallacy? Non sequitur fallacies may be accidental, or they may be used intentionally in many different situations and with many different purposes. In formal logic, at least two premises are necessary for an argument to be valid. It is a statement that conspicuously does not follow what precedes it. However, Hamlet is really trying to say that Polonius is as ready to sacrifice Ophelia as the Biblical character of Jephthah was willing to sacrifice his own. Appeal to Pity Fallacy | Definition & Examples, Two Wrongs Make a Right Fallacy | Overview & Examples. Therefore god is real. After this lesson, check to see if you can: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Once again, the bit is that the sketch is playing against audience expectations. One can find non sequitur examples in everyday speech and in different fields of life, such as in the practice of law where non sequitur in arguments is regularly used. Read more . However, it would not take much to make the conclusion falsely follow the premise. A post-hoc argument asserts a causeusing correlation. The difference between a post hoc argument and a non-sequitur is anon-sequitur is a conclusion that does not logically follow from the premise. Fredegar got depressed last week, and he went to the movies last week. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. At first glance, the logic seems solid, but once put into the format of a formal logical argument, it is easy to spot the problem. My neighbor owns a chihuahua. Everyone in Tennessee is nice. She must be a wealthy person. The literal translation of non sequitur is, "It does not follow." Appeal to Ignorance Fallacy: Definition & Examples, AP English Literature: Homeschool Curriculum, OAE Middle Grades English Language Arts (028) Prep, Study.com SAT Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, CSET English Subtests I & III (105 & 107): Practice & Study Guide, ILTS English Language Arts (207): Test Practice and Study Guide, Comprehensive English: Overview & Practice, College English Literature: Help and Review, 10th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, 11th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, Create an account to start this course today. You know Spanish? Id better finish that book by Friday. Hamlet has called Polonius Jephthah, and Polonius believes this is because Polonius loves his daughter, Ophelia. ("C has B"). The argument could have true premises, but still have a false conclusion.. The computer user in the example is concluding her own species as a result of her taking ownership of her computer. This fallacy is closely related to the non-sequitur, as discussed in Part 1. Here is how a non-sequitur becomes an informal fallacy again. POLONIUS: If you call me Jephthah, my lord, I have a daughter that I love passing well.HAMLET: Nay, that follows not. The Crucible by Arthur Miller Act III: The Court Scene: Argument Analysis As Danforth questions Proctor and Parris interrupts with emotional exclamations about Proctor's intent to "overthrow the court," the reader is exposed to numerous logical fallacies. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'literarydevices_com-banner-1','ezslot_5',120,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-literarydevices_com-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'literarydevices_com-banner-1','ezslot_6',120,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-literarydevices_com-banner-1-0_1');.banner-1-multi-120{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}(Hamlet by William Shakespeare). ', 'Jimmy forgot to change out of his pajamas before class.'. The bread was left out on the counter. Which is an example of a non sequitur sentence? Anything more extreme doesn't count. That doesn't make any sense. - Definition & Examples, Point of View: First, Second & Third Person, Narrators in Literature: Types and Definitions, What is Foreshadowing? Therefore god is real. https://doi.org/10.4159/DLCL.aristotle-prior_analytics.1938, Aristotle. Therefore, Pierre is a musician. This is a non-sequitur because the conclusion does not follow the premise. Non sequitur is a Latin phrase meaning does not follow.. This argument might seem reasonable because its premises and conclusion are fairly intuitive, but it is formally invalid. These playwrights were concerned about the state of humanity after the war, and were trying to encourage the audience to pursue connections that were difficult to recuperate. The Pythagorean theorem is correct. Here's a good one: 'Martin Luther King had a dream. This argument commits the non sequitur fallacy because it makes an erroneous assumption. of the users don't pass the Non-Sequitur quiz! An error occurred trying to load this video. Non-Sequitur: Definition, Argument & Examples | StudySmarter English Rhetoric Non-Sequitur Non-Sequitur Non-Sequitur 5 Paragraph Essay A Hook for an Essay APA Body Paragraph Context Essay Outline Evidence Harvard Hedging Language Used in Academic Writing MHRA Referencing MLA Opinion Opinion vs Fact Plagiarism Quotations Restate Summarize Summary Your email address will not be published. In conversation, non sequitur is something that is said, which seems quite absurd to the point of confusion due to lack of proper meanings. Dreams are where Elmo and Toy Story had a party, and I was invited. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Non sequiturs do not follow basic fundamentals of logic. (1955). Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. 1. Abbreviation: non seq. Colloquially, non-sequitur tends to be used to mean a sentence which has no relation to the previous one, but in logical fallacy terms, that would more likely be a Red Herring fallacy. What is the difference between a post hoc argument and a non-sequitur? Jennifer Roling is a seasoned educator with nearly 30 years of teaching and curriculum development experience. Most of their conversations and actions are hard to follow as, indeed, Beckett wrote them to seemingly lack any sense. a statement that has little or no relation to what preceded it; illogical inference; (Latin for "it does not follow") A non sequitur is all about taking a giant logical jump that is totally unreasonable. Therefore, Hamlet denounces Poloniuss affirmation that he loves his daughter to be a non sequitur, as does not logically follow what Hamlet is trying to say. All the advice on this site is general in nature. This conversation persists for a while as Yossarian tries to make sense of what Orr is saying, and ultimately is unable to derive and logic from it. The defendant works at Vito's Pizza. However, even in this example, a non-sequitur connects evidence to a conclusion. Eyes help you to see. A statement that does not logically follow a . In Latin, the phrase non sequitur literally means "it does not follow.". It is important to remember that when dealing with logical fallacies, the truth (or lack thereof) of the conclusion is not necessarily in question. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. The sun came up about as often as it went down, in the long run, and a coin showed heads about as often as it showed tails. Pinterest. Because a non-sequitur lacks clear logic, it is easy to identify. Jo hates to read, so she must love movies. In one episode, when Ralph is asked about his summer, he replies in typical fashion: "The doctor told me that both my eyes were lazy! This second example is also an example of an ad hominem fallacy. Many people in Tennessee are nice. They defy the basic rules of reason and are usually based upon unsound arguments. In English, non-sequitur means it does not follow.. Therefore, all Canadians are athletic. 2. logic. In fact, the writers at The Simpsons get a lot of mileage out of his less than intelligent non sequiturs. Note how it's funny because we can't possibly anticipate what the next line is going to be. We dont like to hire plumbers because were from Alaska. She has designed dozens of courses for students of all ages. Non sequitur fallacies can be observed often in both serious and humorous settings, many times intentionally. Therefore, Alice is more physically healthy than Bob. Reviewers ensure all content reflects expert academic consensus and is backed up with reference to academic studies. This is because there is an unmistakable gap between the evidence and the conclusion drawn from that evidence; it is an error in how the argument is formed. Abigail is a seventeen year old girl. Yes, the road seems long when one journeys all alone for yes yes, six hours, that's right, six hours on end, and never a soul in sight. From there, you will be able to determine whether the argument contains a formal fallacy or an informal fallacy and what specific fallacy or fallacies it contains. Closer! Have all your study materials in one place. Barker, S. F. (2003). This argument is not logically valid because it commits the non sequitur fallacy. A non-sequitur is a conclusion that does not logically follow from the premise. Thus, as a literary device non sequiturs can be merely amusing, in logic they are quite problematic. Consequently, this argument is invalid even though the conclusion, "Dogs eat rabbits," may be true. Evidently his voice, language and mannerism were consistent with his looks; even the apparent non sequitur. All articles are edited by a PhD level academic. Non sequiturs can be used in the courtroom to disprove an argument or even in comedy to get laughs. Even if the premises were true, the conclusion would not follow. False Dilemma Fallacy | Overview, Application & Examples. What? However, that premise is not true. It assumes that because A and B have property D, then C must also have property D. The argument commits the non sequitur fallacy. This might be similar to the kind of non-sequitur you expect: something out of the blue and way off-topic. 'Mint Chocolate Chip? elgin mental health center forensic treatment program. Examples of Non-Sequitur Fallacy in Literature: A common example of this is in literature: "The sky was blue, and all the birds were singing." The speaker assumes that because the sky was blue and all the birds were singing, they must be happy; however, this may not necessarily be true at all times of the day or during different seasons. The standard logical structure of such arguments might look something like the following: The problem with these arguments is that even if the premises were true, the conclusion would never follow. Ann has taught university level Film classes and has a Master's Degree in Cinema Studies. Therefore, I will water this rock, and it too will grow. An article talks about how a certain celebrity was arrested for drunk driving, but it doesnt mention anything about his work or personal life. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2020/entries/fallacies/. Non sequitur may also be used to describe a response or comment that bears no connection to what was previously said; a random remark. Having a costumed superhero abduct the vicar was an utter non sequitur in the novel. Young Ralph Wiggum is not a smart kid. It's time to take my car in for service. No, missing the point is not the same as non-sequitur. McGraw-Hill. Yes yes, sincerely happy. Gentlemen, I am happy to have met you. _____ follow the premise. Pizza is the best. VLADIMIR: Consult his family ESTRAGON: (anxious) And we? If the Pythagorean theorem is correct, it is always possible to find the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle when we know the lengths of the other two sides. In fact, non sequitur is a Latin phrase that means it doesnt follow. Here, non means not, and sequitur means to follow. It takes place when a difference is created between the principle idea and the conclusion, which finally leads to a fallacy. 1. ("A has B"), Premise two: Bees have wings. Even if premises (1) and (2) were correct (which they are), the conclusion would still be false, and the argument fallacious. The following is an example of non-sequitur:Plants need water to grow. Another Example from the Crucible "Why, a poppet -- (he gingerly turns the poppet over) -- a poppet may signify -- Now, woman, will you please to come with me?" Cheever is guilty of committing this Post Hoc fallacy in Act Two, on page 202. . Examples of Non-Sequitur Fallacy in Advertising: Examples of Non-Sequitur Fallacy in Politics: Non Sequitur Fallacy in Politics- a fallacy that occurs when someone draws an inference from two different statements without the necessary logical connection between them or when they are not logically related to one another. Examples Of The Hypocrisy In The Crucible. Examples of Non-Sequitur Fallacy in Real life: An example of non sequitur fallacy in real life would be if someone were to say. All people can see. What is a non sequitur example? Miller . In formal logic, we start with at least two premises. One example of a non sequitur argument is, "Birds have wings, and bees have wings; therefore, birds are bees." Lawyers often use non sequiturs in an attempt to connect unrelated information with a person's guilt or innocence. Privacy Policy. Construction of a non sequitur Non sequiturs typically take the following forms: If A is true, B is true. Common examples of non sequiturs include: My refrigerator seems to be acting up. I would argue that all of these are true, but that does not change the fact that the argument is formally invalid. Often, one host will set up a premise and the other host or a guest will offer a reply that in no way relates to the original premise. See more. Answers include, "It is about the holocaust," "It is about 'why do we wear make-up?'" Quotes tagged as "non-sequitur" Showing 1-30 of 35 "It tastes like somebody stole my wallet. Whats your shoe size? The Non Sequitur fallacy is a common fallacy in arguments where someone will state that because two things are related, and because one of those things is true, therefore the other thing is as well. Aside from this, non sequitur is also used in conversation and spoken language such as TV shows and movies . An example of a non sequitur fallacy in philosophy is the argument that people who believe in God are stupid because they dont understand science. Answer (1 of 5): A formal non-sequitur is a logical fallacy, often expressed in the form of a logical syllogism. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. Writers commonly utilize non sequiturs to heighten the comedic elements of a literary work, especially in theatrical plays and humorous writing. A common fallacious argumentis the non sequitur fallacy, which is defined as the inclusion of a conclusion that is not supported by the premises. I got sick after eating sushi last week. There are many examples of this fallacy, but the following are a few of the more common ones: Apples cause people to gain weight: Apples do not contain a significant amount of calories, meaning they do not cause people to gain weight, and because apples are both healthy and low in calories. This will help you avoid a non-sequitur. Billy must love to eat vegetables. 235 lessons. 0. Prior Analytics (H. P. Cooke & H. Tredennick, Trans.) I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! This is good enough. In one episode he frequently blamed everything on Frank Stallone. Now, it may very well be that the defendant is guilty, that he did commit the murder. A popular sketch comedy show that often uses non sequiturs is "Saturday Night Live." All musicians are talented. Due to the fact that non sequitur examples are often a bit comical as well as strange they are quite rare in dramatic scenes. One reason this is funny is because Stallone had absolutely no connection to any of the issues, but . Im not healthy, so that means I dont eat eggplant. Stick to valid arguments. The argument, therefore, is not deductively valid because the truth of the premises does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion. Silence.ESTRAGON: (violently) Im hungry!VLADIMIR: Do you want a carrotVLADIMIR: I might have some turnipsVLADIMIR: Oh pardon! Adam is right, therefore Eve is not right., Denying a conjunct: It is not that both Horse and Cow is true. A good example of a non sequitur commonly used by creationists is the following: No one knows what caused the Big Bang. The characters of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern first appeared in Shakespeares Hamlet, in which they are two of Hamlets best friends. Tio Gabunia (B.Arch, M.Arch) and Peer Reviewed by Chris Drew (PhD), Social Interaction Types & Examples (Sociology), Reserved Powers: 10 Examples & Definition, Stereotype Content Model: Examples and Definition. These cookies are so expensive. Pierre is very talented. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education and holds a PhD in Education from ACU. Coat! - Waiting for Godot, Samuel Beckett, Youre crazy, Clevinger shouted vehemently, his eyes filling with tears. A formal fallacy, deductive fallacy, or logical fallacy refers to a formally invalid argument. Cow is not true. Guildensterns above quote jumps from one idea to the next without sense between the sentences. True or false? Here are some examples of how non sequiturs can be used in different situations. Currently, this argument is as follows: Hans attacks a diner at random, and therefore he commits a murder. post hoc ergo propter hoc). lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Suicide weather." Susanna Kaysen tags: non-sequitur 93 likes Like A non-sequitur is the same thing as a _____. Consider the following quote, which occurs in both Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead by Tom Stoppard as well as Shakespeares Hamlet: POLONIUS (aside): Though this be madness, yet there is method in it. During the Q&A that follows, an audience member asks the question, "What was that all about?" These far-fetched statements can catch people off guard, surprising a laugh (or a shock) out of them. My life is in danger. The term non sequitur comes from Latin. In E. N. Zalta (Ed. This fallacy occurs when the conclusion does not logically follow from the premises, or if it does, other possible conclusions could have been drawn. What is an example of a non sequitur? Copyright 2023 Literary Devices. Cite this Article in your Essay (APA Style), Privacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsDisclaimerAccessibility StatementVideo Transcripts. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. A good example of a non sequitur commonly used by creationists is the following: No one knows what caused the Big Bang. An informal fallacy, on the other hand, could have a valid form yet be unsound because one or more of its premises are false. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Nothing else happened. Examples of Non-Sequitur Fallacy in Politics- Im going to start my own country and I want you to be president.. In extreme cases, the conclusion has nothing to do with the truth or falsity of the premises. To understand what that means, you should familiarize yourself with the more common informal fallacy. An ad hominem fallacy casts blame on someone due to their character. Non sequiturs can be confusing in conversation and formal writing, but quite effective in literature. The non sequitur fallacy occurs when the conclusion of an argument does not follow from its premises or, in extreme cases, has nothing to do with them. Non Sequitur Humor Examples. Is the following a formal or informal fallacy? See exactly how this appears with these red herring fallacy examples. nonsequitur Neurology A totally unrelated response to a question Etiology Acute and chronic organic brain disorders, schizophrenia See more ideas about non sequitur, comic strips, comics. Non sequitur literally means 'does not follow.' 3. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select . . All Rights Reserved. Non sequiturs are also used as literary devices to add humor into serious situations. Examples of Non-Sequitur Fallacy in Philosophy: A non sequitur fallacy is an argument that does not logically follow from its premises. Logical Fallacy: Non sequitur Reason: 2. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. A non sequitur is a conclusion or reply that doesn't follow logically from the previous statement. Could we not imagine a world in which some lawyers and some sports players share some property (being rich in this case) but dont overlap? Their basis lies in 1. a highly classical understanding of fallacies, and 2. defining "irrelevance" as outside the bounds of formal and informal fallacies altogether. The prominent example is John Proctor, who hides his affair with Abigail. Although the American court system has rules in place to curb lawyers' use of logical fallacies to sway a jury, it is impossible to eliminate them altogether. Warrant: Since this court is backed by God, Claim: anyone who speaks against it is against God. Follow a line of reasoning! And that's why it was the best summer ever.". Which of the following statements would be a non sequitur in response to the first sentence?A. In conversation, non sequiturs are statements that seem absurd, often causing confusion due to lack of understanding. Brian is Canadian. The term non sequitur comes from Latin and translates as does not follow. A non sequitur occurs if the premises dont justify the conclusion. One of the most common errors that people make when they reason is that they commit a non sequitur fallacy. Wiley Miller's Non Sequitur is one of the most intelligent, quirky and stylish comic strips in syndication. VLADIMIR: At his horse. With the reading of each page, you can make significant improvements in the way you reason and make decisions. Do you see how this new piece of logic connects the premise to the conclusion? Silence." ESTRAGON: (violently) "I'm hungry!" I wonder if my stylist is available this Saturday. The errors of such arguments can be traced to a flaw or flaws in the logical structure of the argument (Gensler, 2010 & Barker, 2003). More specifically, the term non sequitur refers to those invalid arguments that can not be classified in a precise way (for example, affirming the consequent or denying the antecedent). Examples of Non Sequitur in Literature The pleasant examples of non sequitur may be observed in the Theatre of the Absurd. (In which way?) To be a good argument, a conclusion needs to be logical and true. The confusing book had non-sequitur after non-sequitur, with each statement disproving something that had been stated earlier. Your dog is so cute. Mary bakes the best cakes in town. Another type of non sequitur fallacy occurs when a single premise is used to prove a conclusion. This might seem like a subtle error, but an implication of an argument that is designed to be logically sound will have a clear link between the premises and conclusion. Post hoc (a shortened form of post hoc, ergo propter hoc) is a logical fallacy in which one event is said to be the cause of a later event simply because it occurred earlier.
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