The process of creating this richly symbolic cloth is laborious. The group is gaining grounds as it seems to incessantly predict the total destruction of the planet earth. While their political authority is largely diminished today, Ekpe membership is still prestigious and the society continues to be a unifying force among the Ejagham, Igbo, Efik, Ibibio, and other cultural groups in the Cross River region. Another account claimed that Efik people introduced the Ekpe between 1720 and 1729 during the initial migration of Calabar. Aye in 2000 does not mention the Efut as being the primary occupants. AFRICA | 101 Last Tribes - Ekoi people Their king on the eastern Calabar coast was known as Ating Anua Efiom. English language is spoken in the South-Western part of Cameroon. The persistence oftheAbakua society contradicts the official construction ofa Cuban national identity. [19], The Ibibio origin of the Efik is one of the most popular among scholars. The nsibidi may convey meaning either singularly or in groups, and each sign may be figurative, geometric, or abstract, or may represent a physical object, concept, or narrative. Further Perspectives on Kifwebe Masquerades - MIT Press [36] According to Aye, "Ikpa Ene could not carry the bulk of Iboku population, Ndodoghi had to accommodate what spilt over, and the two settlements, still under one rule, were separated by the left branch of the river which became their "inland sea". through the Illuminati Iwas able to become rich, and have many industry on myown and become famous and popular in my country , todayme and my family is living happily and I am the mosthappiest man here is the opportunity for you to join theIlluminati and become rich and famous in life and be likeother people and you life we be change totally.If you areinterested in joining the great brotherhood Illuminati.thencontact him +2348106618681 or for more information +1(705)8062021 email:illuminatibrotherpowerful@gmail.com or you need my assistance email:danjerry04@gmail.com Shame to the Manyu people and great men o Manyu, that you as enlightened as I know will willfully distort a tradition that back dates as long as 400 to 800hundred. The doomsday cult is a sinister transnational cult that has paved its way from the west and Asian world into some African countries including Uganda and South Africa. [76], Prior to the introduction of European-styled clothing, the Efik wore loin clothes made of Raffia (Efik: Ndam). Define monsoon, Sanskrit, raja, caste system, caste, Hinduism, reincarnation, karma, dharma, yoga, Buddhism, ascetic, nirvana. As the slave trade was declining due to the strong global campaign against it, the effects on slave trading ports along the African coast was greatly experienced. One theory propounded by Okon and Nkpanam Ekereke asserts that the term "Efuk" was a word of defiance and an expression used by the Ibibio man when in a fit of rage. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). of Old Calabar by the Ekpe secret society, which was controlled by the towns merchant houses. Ethnographic - (Mask, Elephant, Cape, Chicken Feather); Elephant Mask with Chicken Feather Cape, Bekom People, Cameroon. An account from the Qua said the origin of the Ekpe people can be traced to Cameron. The earliest list of Efik traders is provided in Jean Barbot's manuscript which was later printed in 1732. With the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, a number of foreign clothes were introduced into Efik society. The Efik language was also spoken in several communities in Western Cameroon. Osirica brotherhood is the root of all the mason societies, dating back around 2300 B.C. A fraternal society that emerged in the western culture between the 16th and 7th century. [37] The Uruan invasion at Ikpa Ene is believed to be the origin of the Efik saying, "Ama okut Ibibio, ku n enye ika, Idem amasat Ibibio eyewot owo"(English: When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you). [76] Palm wine is acquired by making an incision on the palm tree, a process known as "tapping". Ekpe Society - Odinani: The Sacred Arts & Sciences of the Igbo People [45] Eyo Ema's people occupied Otung in the south of Creek Town, Adim Atai and Ukpong Atai occupied the east and Efiom Ekpo's family occupied the Adakuko in the west. Thanks for signing up for our daily insight on the African economy. The most popular migration account within the Nigerian space asserts that the Efik people lived at Ibom in the present-day Arochukwu and migrated from Ibom to Uruan. James Beale Horton made a similar assertion in 1868 where he asserted that all the communities of the Niger-delta are traced to the Igbo. Also join us across all of our other channels - we love to be connected! The Ekpe was vested with the powers of policing and bringing justice to the Efik kingdom. Omissions? and Dahomean towns, and among the tribes of Congo and the Cameroon.17 According to the same author, Ngbe, was another society influenced by the Ekoi and originally considered Egb [Ekp]. [64] It took several years before the town was rebuilt.[64]. [9] The largest group moved to Creek town from Ndodoghi led by the priest-king Eyo Ema Atai.[38]. "[20] The three most popular theories include an Igbo origin, Ibibio origin and Palestinian origin. Hope Waddell, Samuel Edgerley and four others. [54] The name "Agbisherea" (also known as Egbosherry) appended in the names of the two kings listed by Barbot, was the name of the country, on the coast of which they traded from. (PDF) Evaluating the Place of the Ekpe Traditional Institution as a Among these laws were the Abolition of twin-killings, abolition of the esere bean ordeal, abolition of human sacrifices and several other practices. Prior to the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, the Efik had experienced a series of migration before their arrival along the coasts of Old Calabar. [69] The Ekpe spirit cannot be seen by the uninitiated and is represented by Idem Iquo, a masquerade dressed in Esk, a multicoloured costume decorated with other traditional accoutrements. PDF Symbolic values of clothing and textiles art in traditional and One account narrates that the Mbiabo group left first to their present location while the Iboku, Enwang and other clans were still at Ndodoghi. [44] Ema Atai Ema Atai, Edidem, Biop sai." Imbued with transcendental aura, ukara conveys the sacrality and prestige of the Ekpe secret society. He views the Cuban initiation system known as Abaku, which was based on kp society, as a collective way for African descendants to maintain their historical memory. Among these missionaries were Rev. Ekpe society | African secret society | Britannica ekpe society cameroonworld market toblerone. Iboku, Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. [69] On the appending of the Ekpe institution to its list of secret societies, the Ekpe society was reformed and adapted to suit the needs of the Efik people. Ekpe" which literally means Lion, is a traditional secret society orig an extraordinarily powerful woman, who can change herself into a buffalo, the proud oldest daughter of a king, who insists on being respected, enraged by her brother's refusal to give her the inheritance she feels she is owed, guilt-ridden for having killed many of her brother's people, and for having pushed her youngest sister too hard and too soon into magical power. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community. Our newsletter gives you access to a curated selection of the most important stories daily. Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. One of the most important castes in this society is the jeli caste. Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script - Culture (3) - Nigeria [52] On the death of Chief Willy Tom Robins, a number of rituals were performed. two young foreign men to whom she gives the power to defeat her. Why do you think it is important for us to understand our past? Ekpe - Wikipedia The traditional institution of manyu division cameroon 1990 2011 an 4. "[35] Simmons assertion which was made in his 1958 dissertation is similarly reiterated at the Hart's enquiry in 1964 by chiefs such as Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong. After the tapping process, the wine is left to ferment for five hours. The earliest documented letter to an English captain from a chief of Old Calabar was written in 1770. The Ogboni fraternity is said to have a strong affiliation to royalty, gerontological system of governance and the law enforcement of the community. I bought a $140,000 mobile home in a million-dollar LA neighborhood and love it. "Egbo" redirects here. These they handcuffed, brought down to the canoes, and so proceeded up the river, till they got to the amount of 45, with whom they returned to New town, where sending to the captains of the shipping, they divided them among the ships.[56]. Aye dates the arrival of the Efik in Creek Town to the fourteenth century. A reconsideration of kp and Abaku suggests an agenda for the study of kp in diaspora from a different perspective. [12], The Efik were noted for their involvement in the slave trade were they acted as slave traders and middlemen between the inland slave traders and the Europeans. The instruments above are particularly important to our study of the Sunjata because: they are the traditional instruments of the jeliw who tell the story in public performance. In its vastness, the Ekpe is a well structured society with semi-caste characteristics, in that, there are categories and titles which one may qualify to be initiated into, while others are strictly reserved for persons of certain status and backgrounds. This material is believed to have been imported by the Portuguese (Oboriki). That is why Sisiku Ojong Orock after consultation with the other Ekpe members and Sisiku Mfonten Mbu decided to acquire his own Nkanda Lodge in April 2003. [10] The original seven clans are scattered between Cross River state and Akwa Ibom state and consist of Iboku (Duke town, Henshaw town, Creek town and Cobham town), Obutong, Adiabo, Mbiabo (Mbiabo Edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong, Mbiabo Ikoneto), Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. In the culture we have discussed, the term jamu refers to: each person's family name, which connects the person to a famous character in the story of Sunjata. The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. Another account from the Qua claimed that Ekpe (Mgbe) migrated from Cameroon. At Creek town, the Efik ruler was Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo who had a number of children including Nsa Efiom, Edem Efiom, Okoho Efiom and Odo Efiom. Efik traders played a major role during the era of the Transatlantic slave trade. Wake Keeping, Viewing and service in Dallas, Texas. The Ekpe society most likely originated among the Efik people of southern Nigeria and from there spread across other tribes and language groups in Southern Nigeria. [82] The name Itu ita translates to three manatees and is named because the masts of the ship resembled the manatee (Itu). [52] The Captains wrote the acting consul who was stationed at Fernando Po. The Neegee is a cannibalistic group that feeds on human flesh to satisfy their God, and to gain power from that God. [46] On their exit from Obutong, they are believed to have sought the permission of Oku Atai to use the Ntinya. [1] Ekpe members always wear masks when performing their police duties, and although individuals may nonetheless be recognized, fear of retribution from the ikan stops people from accusing those members who may overstep their limits. Efik people - Wikipedia All Ekpe members are hereby reminded that under Ekpe custom, we do not leave the lifeless body of our warriors in the battle field, and we certainly do not leave the remains of an Ekpe chief unguarded. jamba juice turmeric smoothie recipe; sainsbury's locksbottom parking charges; ekpe society cameroon; June 11, 2022; small mortuary obituaries mobile, alabama . This is evident in a testimony by Isaac Parker, a ship-keeper who lived at Duke town in 1765 for 5 months. [52] The missionaries respected the native law but the European Captains acted rashly and desired that an example be set on Obutong. Festival organised by Global Music Exchange (ht. I am manyang Mathilda Nkwo of Akiriba village , upperbanyang and I am and still is oneof the oldest living practing manyangero in Manyu. [61] Due to the fall in global demand for slaves and several other factors, the kings and chiefs of Old Calabar wrote to the British requesting that they send teachers and missionaries to Old Calabar to establish industries and introduce the religion of the white man to them. Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. Ekpe masquerade mimic the form of a lion or leopard moves. Among these cuisines include Ekpang nkukwo, Edikang Ikong, Afia efere, Anyan Ekpang, Afang soup and several others. [66] Among these secret societies were Ekpe, Obon and Nsibidi. Some of the oldest of these societies were Nyana Nyaku and Nsibidi. The article was a not-so-deep exploration of indigenous African writing systems and languages. . Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors (ikan). Traditional societies and social change in Nigeria: a study of Ekpe kp lodges ruled local communities while also managing regional and long-distance trade. Due to the peregrinations of Efik traders across the lower Cross River region, The Efik language was regarded as the language of commerce in the Cross river region. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as Letters were also sent by King Eyo Honesty II to introduce missionaries and technocrats into the country with emphasis on the latter. [37] A captured invader confessed that they were set to retrieve royal emblems which they believed the Efik had taken with them when they left Uruan. of Bamum, of Cameroon in his kingly attire seated on the throne with his chiefs flanked round him (Plate 2). The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. Nsibidi | Eneke The Bird AHR ~ 125 I hope Queen Victoria and young prince will live long time and we get good friend. Meat and fish are the major sources of protein in Efik cuisines. Here's a look inside. [15] This theory appears to be isolated as other Ibibio writers do not narrate that such terms were used by the Ibibio. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Calabar. a Mande tradition based on orally transmitted history. [34] When the Uruan woman realised that Abasi had broken her axe, she insisted that the axe should be repaired. This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. I Am Niki Buroro Agbor Ekpe Jerome a holder of a professional Masters in Forestry and wildlife Engineering with focus on Protected Area Management, Masters of Science in Forest Governance and policies from University of Dschang and Professional Masters in Environmental Science (ESIA) university of Yaounde 1. There are different narratives on the arrival of the Efik at Creek Town. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This theory asserts that the Efik migrated from Palestine or somewhere close to Palestine. Due to the volume of cultural exchange, many other ethnic groups have often been regarded as being one with the Efik such as Kiong and Efut. The Ekpe society is estimated by most foreign scholars to have been introduced into Old Calabar in the 18th century. It has a variety of different characters and is indigenous to areas of Southeastern Nigeria and . Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. Ekpe masquerade [1], Its members are only men and are played on special occasion. The term igo has also been used for the organization's members. The Ekpo society uses black masks, often of naturalistic appearance and with movable jaws, to maintain social order and propitiate the ancestors; some of these masks represent disease and deformity. Powered by, Ukara cloth detail, Etara community, Cross River State, Nigeria, Cross River Cultural Heritage: reports from home and from the African Diaspora, Introduction: Spirit Dancers, Water Deities & Mystics in the Cross River Basin and in Cuba, Upcoming film project: Seven year kp ritual cycle, Ntufam Bob Oku literature, music and drawings, Calabar Mgb International Journal / Revista Internacional, Calabar-Cuba Radio with Ene Ita and Ivor Miller, Manyu kp Funeral Rites in Yaounde, 2019, Ivor Miller research archive at Amherst College, Manyu kp procession in Yaound, March 29, 2019, Poster for funeral of Seseku Stephen Tataw (1948-2019), Tortoise shell instrument is played in the funerary procession, kp mask purifies the hearse before the procession begins, Funerary shrine representing the sacred forest of kp, kp members surround the shrine for the final rites. Ekpe Society Emblem, Ejaham, Cameroon Dog Fetish, Vili, Congo Mlbuya (sickness) mask, Pende, Zaire Nimba Mask, Baga, Guinea Picasso Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Bust of a Woman, 1931 Tte de taureau (Bull's Head), 1942 La chvre (The goat) 1950 Other references [76] Uffp (native gin) is distilled from palm wine and is sometimes mixed with the bark of Edat to increase the alcoholic content. Each ukara is highly individualized and clearly produced to be worn by a specific Ekpe member or to mark a specific Ekpe lodge. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community.. Finding links between Africa and the Americas This created a need for Ekpe DC to have a full Ayamba Nkanda (Nkanda Chief). Google Scholar Aye, E. A. [32] Oku adds that the Uruan were adverse to the Efik custom of burying strangers with their dead and did not share in the practice carried out by the Efik. In Amos Tutuola's The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator leaves his home and begins his adventure in the bush when: In the excerpt that we read from The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator and his wife encounter: In the Song of Lawino, by Okot p'Bitek, a woman speaks to: Lawino's husband's new wife is called _______________________(Either of two possible answers) in the text. [47] On the founding of Obutong, Colonial anthropologist M.D.W. Sunjata's aunt, Tenenba Conde, childless herself, must raise the child Fakoli, son of Kosiya Kante, after Kosiya sacrifices herself for her brother's sake. identity. Cow meat was also consumed but the Efik native cow was rarely eaten or milked by the Efik. A delegation of kp 'leopard' society initiates, as well as family members, traveled from Mamfe, Manyu Division of southwest Cameroon, to Yaound, the Cameroon capital to honor and reclaim the body of their leader and father, who had recently transited to the ancestors. Imhotep was a revered personality as he was believed to be with super powers of healing and influencing people and affairs of the community. Originally, items such as onions (Oyim mbakara) was rare in Efik meals. Resume: La communaure cubaine Abakua-descendantedes communautes :EB:k Ekpe et Ejagham ~gbedu Sud Est du Nigeria etdu Sud Ouest du Cameroun-a ete fondee ala Havane dans les annees 1830 par des leaders captures des villages de Cross River. [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. Hood Quarterly, spring 2015 This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. LEFT Ekpe cage during Ikot Ekpe ritual in 2009. Collection of Eli Bentor. Laws were passed to halt several practices regarded as unchristian. Efik populations are found in the following regions: Secret societies aided in the maintaining of law and order at Old Calabar. Ibibio - People in southern Nigeria - Native Breed.org Prior to Akak, the theory were proposed at the Hart's enquiry by Chief Offiong Abasi Ntiero Effiwatt and Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku.[25][26]. They believed feasting on a human strengthened their bonds. It described the religion, social, economic and political structures of the society as progressive and dynamic. Abakua is an Afro-Cuban mens secret society related to the Ekpe. Have you ever thought about starting a secret society? Efik Traditional Attires The Efik are an ethnic group - RefinedNG The cloth is made of plain cotton but transformed into a ritual object when nsibidi symbols are inscribed onto it through indigo dyeing. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Ethnographic - (Head crest, Ejagham People): Worn by a member of the Ekpe Society to intimidate and punish anyone who has broken tribal law. The origins of these symbols date way before colonization, but, from my understanding, the use of these symbols died out as the influence of Ekpe secret society lessened. . Eli Bentor, Professor of Art History at Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, speaks about the history of ukara cloth and moderates a discussi. It became a truly multi-group society, finding its' way to almost all groups in the region and gaining dominance in . African Voices on Slavery and the Slave Trade: Volume 1, The Sources In Ekpe, he is a product of a dynasty of more than five Generations of Ekpe Sisikus, also known as Nfor Ngbe or Ekpe Chiefs. The society is now seen as a fraternity along the masonic lines which tries to represent the interest of Efiks. Origin and Early History of The Ibibio People of Nigeria Click to expose navigation links on mobile. Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. [23][24], The Oriental original is most popular among indigenous Efik historians such as E.U. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago (E.O.Efiong-Fuller, 1996). [15] Ekereke and Ekereke further assert that the word was later changed to "Efik". Niki Buroro Agbor Jerome - Field Fellowship Kokolopori Bonobo Research Prior to 1905, Old Calabar was a term used to describe the Efik settlements of Duke Town, Creek Town, Old town, Cobham town, Henshaw town, Adiabo and Mbiabo (consisting of Mbiabo edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong and Mbiabo Ikoneto). [11] The last three clans had greatly dwindled in number and many of their members are believed to have been miscegenated into other Efik clans. [78] Raffia palm clothing (Efik: f Ndam) could also be exported from other communities especially when a community made the best raffia clothing. Sunjata's victory against Sumaworo comes in part because: Sumaworo loses the support of his nephew, Fakoli. [40] The outcome of the fall of the tree led to several deaths in their clan.
