coping skills for students during covid 19

216.368.2000 Strategies and programming to develop wellness can be delivered in one-on-one sessions with students, as well as in group settings, and may have either a prevention or intervention focus. (2015). The findings of this study should be considered in light of certain limitations. For the present study, reliability scores were high for four pillarspositive emotion ( = .88), relationships ( = .83), meaning ( = .89), accomplishment ( = .82); high for the subscales of negative emotion ( = .73) and physical health ( = .85); and moderate for the pillar of engagement ( = .65). The Journal of Education for Business, 87(5), 253259. 2015;173: 9096. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20070, Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1984). That is, what coping Students substance use (mean) and, Fig 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20593, Tansey, T. N., Smedema, S., Umucu, E., Iwanaga, K., Wu, J.-R., Cardoso, E. D. S., & Strauser, D. (2018). Washington Post. Can I Really Be Burnt Out Because Of Working From Home? A total of 806 university students from the United States participated in the study. For example, students had to stay home, adapt to online learning, modify internship placements, and/or reconsider graduation plans and jobs. Using a sample of professional traders, we find a significant decrease in agreeableness and locus of control and a moderate decrease in grit. While modeling good behavior and staying safe yourself, recognize that you cant control what other people do. P = Positive Emotion, E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, L = Loneliness. Front. Wiley. A non-empirical research design was adopted for this study. Coronavirus Anxiety Workbook. Do coping strategies play a mediating role in the relationship between PsyCap and well-being. Ask your supervisor for help. Your classmates and family members are anxious, too. Breathing exercises - Psychologist Dr. Karen Treisman leads you through a variety of quick, effective exercises to soothe the nervous system: Houseparty App: a free social networking service that allows groups to play games together virtually. Penguin Press. Priscilla Rose Prasath, PhD, MBA, LPC (TX), is an assistant professor at the University of Texas at San Antonio. Adaptive coping strategiessuch as active coping, acceptance, using emotional support, and positive reframingwere found to better aid in predicting well-being. Future researchers examining well-being in university students in different regions of the country or internationally may wish to further investigate the applicability of the PERMA model as a measure of university students well-being during the pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders. The Brief COPE is a multidimensional inventory used to assess the different ways in which people generally respond to stressful situations. Mental Health For Remote Workers: Supporting Employees And One (2015). Although the reason for this result is uncertain, it is conceivable that attending to an uncertain future (i.e., hope) and recovering from immediate losses (i.e., resilience) became more salient, and ones self-efficacy in managing normal, everyday challenges receded in importance. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 7382. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(2), 127152. https://www.bestcolleges.com/blog/coronavirus-survey. Karen. ), Handbook of emotions (pp. Visit your App store or the Houseparty Appwebsite. This situation clearly showed the students' helplessness and difficulties with coping with this new, stressful situation, highlighted in many previous studies. Seligman (2011) proposed a theory of well-being stipulating that well-being was not simply the absence of mental illness (Keyes, 2002), but also the presence of five pillars with the acronym of PERMA (Seligman, 2002, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2018.1560229. Future researchers should consider issues of internal consistency as they choose scales and interpret results. Moderate level of perceived stress is indicated among the BSc Nursing students studying in nursing colleges located in Pune, with mean perceived stress score of the students Nurses being 21.88, and the mean coping strategies score was 74.38. Fear and worrying about the virus can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. You made the JV team in 10th grade, later played in college, and still think of Callahan every time you succeed at work. Limit your media consumption. College student retention: An exploration of the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and purpose in life among university students. Cleveland, Psychological Capital Questionnaire Short Version (PCQ-12) (2020). American Psychological Association. Similarly, religion also tended to be an adaptive coping strategy during the pandemic. In January 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of a new coronavirus disease, COVID-19, to be a public health emergency of international concern, and the effects continue to be widespread and ongoing. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1916, Primack, B. Medicine, Psychology. (2010). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 877891. Point-biserial correlation and Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the relationships of demographic variables, PsyCap, and coping strategies with change in PERMA scores. Luthans, K. W., Luthans, B. C., & Palmer, N. F. (2016). Clarifying the relation of acculturative stress and anxiety/depressive symptoms: The role of anxiety sensitivity among Hispanic college students. (2008). Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 20(1), 5165. 2023. I UI Undergraduate (n = 142), II UII Undergraduate (n = 100), III UIII Undergraduate (n = 104), I GI Graduate (n = 66), II GII Graduate (n = 70), I-III MI-III uniform Masters studies (n = 64), IV-V MIV-V uniform Masters studies (n = 31). Guided imagery can also be a useful and effective tool to help stressed students cope with academic, social, and other stressors. Penguin. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760500510676, Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). 2022 Oct 27;19(21):13994. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192113994. Stress associated with adapting to online learning presented particular challenges for students who did not have adequate internet access in their homes (Hoover, 2020). PsyCaps positive psychological resources (HERO dimensions) may enable students to have a positive appraisal of circumstances (F. Luthans et al., 2007, p. 550) by providing mechanisms for reframing and reinterpreting potentially negative or neutral situations. Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives. Predicting the mental health of college students with psychological capital. Research Question 2 Pandemic-Related Stress and Other Emotional Difficulties in a Sample of Men and Women Living in Romantic Relationships during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Kozakiewicz A, Izdebski Z, Biaorudzki M, Mazur J. Int J Environ Res Public Health. You might have lost funding or your job. With that in mind, it is important to detect individuals at risk of developing depressive symptoms early and identify protective factors. Westers recommends trying some of these techniques to help your child cope with back-to-school anxiety during COVID-19: Validate and listen to any concerns. In general, problem-focused coping strategies, also known as adaptive coping strategies, include planning, active coping, positive reframing, acceptance, and humor (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010). Try mindfulness apps. WebThus, the objective of this study was aimed at accentuating the coping strategies of students for online teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Researchers have recommended coping skills training for university students to modify maladaptive coping strategies and enhance pre-existing adaptive coping styles Physical Activity and Mental Health of Medical Students from Poland and Belarus-Countries with Different Restrictive Approaches during the COVID-19 Pandemic. If you notice that you are feeling upset or more irritable, take a break from watching, reading, or listening to news stories, including social media. Grieve those losses, then reframe how you think about these life events. Look for tasks you can postpone or simply eliminate from your to-do list. WebCoping with the Crisis As with any difficult situation, each person relies on different coping mechanisms. government site. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2018.1469738, Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006). Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 61(3), 131142. 44106-7164, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, COVID-19: Our Body, Our Brains, Our Trauma. Estimation of Psychological Impairment and Coping Strategies during COVID-19 Pandemic among University Students in Saudi Arabia: A Large Regional Analysis. The scoping review aimed to, Journal of professional nursing : official journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Further, they have negative associations with stress, burnout, negative health outcomes, and undesirable behaviors at the individual, team, and organizational levels (Avey, Reichard, et al., 2011; Newman et al., 2014). If youre a psychology graduate student on a clinical track, youre probably helping patients manage the same anxieties youre facing yourself. Identify strategies to use to take care of your body, your mind, your spirit, your relationships, your work. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(2), 221230. Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. WebCoping Strategies Used by Student Nurses during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Literature Review. Studies show that all five pillars of well-being in the PERMA model are associated with better academic outcomes in students, such as improved college life adjustment, achievement, and overall life satisfaction (Butler & Kern, 2016; DeWitz et al., 2009; Tansey et al., 2018). (2011). Do you have other coping strategies that have helped you reduce stress related to COVID-19? 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.054 The predictive role of PsyCap on well-being at two time points (before and after the onset of COVID-19) was analyzed using multivariate multiple regression (see Table 2). Fear and worrying about the virus can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. The following research questions guided our work: Participants In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds. Background Coronavirus disease-19 emerged in December 2019. During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most iGen: Why todays super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happyand completely unprepared for adulthoodand what that means for the rest of us. Talarowska M, Rucka K, Kowalczyk M, Chodkiewicz J, Kowalczyk E, Karbownik MS, Sienkiewicz M. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Is there a significant difference in the well-being of university students prior to the onset of COVID-19 (reported retrospectively) and after the onset of COVID-19? The aim of this study was to understand how the sudden changes and uncertainty resulting from the pandemic affected the well-being of university students during the early period of the pandemic. There is robust empirical support suggesting that individuals with higher PsyCap have higher levels of performance (job and academic); satisfaction; engagement; attitudinal, behavioral, and relational outcomes; and physical and psychological health and well-being outcomes. You might feel unmotivated now. Universities across As a flexible learning method, most schools chose Additionally, each pillar of PERMA has been shown to be positively associated with physical health, optimal well-being, and life satisfaction and negatively correlated with depression, fatigue, anxiety, perceived stress, loneliness, and negative emotion (Butler & Kern, 2016). Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 679704. The coping strategy of behavioral disengagement (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 7. Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-06-2015-0091. Be sure to address your own concerns separately so you can focus on patients during sessions. COVID-19 and school closures impacted many children and adolescents' mental health and well-being. Counselors could help university students benefit from attending to, appreciating, and attaining lifes positives (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009) and from enhancing the strength and frequency of employing positive coping strategies through targeted psychoeducational or counseling interventions. The connection between our physical body and our mental health is important and may be something worth exploring when thinking about staying mentally healthy. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article Data Collection Procedures Before Conflict of Interest and Funding Disclosure Guilford. The predictive role of hope was negligible before COVID-19. WebThis study intends to investigate the extent to which students' learning experience has been meaningful and satisfying, and their sentiment on online distance learning due to the implementation of emergency remote teaching (ERT). Predicting PERMA Elements From Psychological Capital Prior to the Onset of COVID-19 and After the Onset of COVID-19. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 339366. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v8n10p102. Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Dont judge yourself; just do the best you can. Conversely, when individuals employed problematic coping strategies such as behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997), the negative impacts were much stronger than the positive effect of adaptive coping strategies. WebAbstract This study sought to determine risk and protective factors related to COVID-19 pandemic-specific post-traumatic stress disorder in university students. The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. The Career Development International, 16(1), 6081. Correspondence may be addressed to Priscilla Rose Prasath, 501 W. Cesar E. Chavez Boulevard, Durango Building, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78207, priscilla.prasath@utsa.edu. A structural equation model of achievement emotions, coping strategies and engagement-burnout in undergraduate students: A possible underlying mechanism in facets of perfectionism. (2013). Mental health and behavior of college students during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal smartphone and ecological momentary assessment study. University students are dealing with uncertain current realities and futures and may need to bolster their internal resources to face the challenges ahead. Think about how you can honor what youve achieved. The uncertainty about what comes next. Peter C. Mather, PhD, is a professor and department chair at Ohio University. and transmitted securely. Psychological Capital (PsyCap) Simon & Schuster. Positive psychologists have asserted that studies of wellness and flourishing are important in understanding adaptive behaviors and the potential for growth from challenging circumstances (Joseph & Linley, 2008; Seligman, 2011). Whether its an internship, dissertation defense or graduation ceremony, important events may not happen this year. A suffering generation: Six factors contributing to the mental health crisis in North American higher education. 405415). PMC (2013). 2023 Feb 10;13(2):429-439. doi: 10.3390/ejihpe13020032. Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). Results revealed that well-being was significantly lower during COVID-19 compared to before the onset of the pandemic. Self-efficacy was a consistent predictor of PERMA elements before COVID-19. The statistical analysis showed that during the coronavirus pandemic, Polish students most often used the coping strategies of: acceptance, planning, and seeking emotional support. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2011.609844, Luthans, F., Avey, J. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The questionnaire included items related to age, gender, race/ethnicity, relationship status, education classification, and employment status. The five pillars of well-being are defined and measured separately but are correlated constructs that together are considered to result in flourishing (Seligman, 2011). International journal of mental health nursing. Results indicated that PsyCap affected well-being both directly and indirectly through coping strategies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. We utilized a correlational cross-sectional study design; therefore, although PsyCap was predictive of change in well-being before and during COVID-19, neither causation nor directionality can be assumed. Cohen, J. Baj-Korpak J, Zaworski K, Szymczuk E, Shpakou A. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Ertosun, . G., Erdil, O., Deniz, N., & Alpkan, L. (2015). It is this balance of positive and negative emotions that contributes to life satisfaction (Diener & Larsen, 1993), and our findings support the notion that fostering particular positive psychological states (PsyCap), as well as engaging in related coping strategies, promotes well-being in the context of this large-scale crisis. The PCQ-12 (Avey, Avolio et al., 2011), the shortened version of PCQ-24 (F. Luthans et al., 2007), consists of 12 items that measure four HERO dimensions: hope (four items), self-efficacy (three items), resilience (three items), and optimism (two items), together forming the construct of psychological capital (PsyCap). Mental Health Status and Coping among Portuguese Higher Education Students in the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic. After a thorough review of the literature, three standardized measures were identified for use in the study along with a brief survey for demographic information. Meyer, M. L., Wagner, D. D., Holtzheimer, P. E., & Campbell, A. T. (2020). de la Fuente, J., Lahortiga-Ramos, F., Laspra-Solis, C., Maestro-Martin, C., Alustiza, I., Auba, E., & Martin-Lanas, R. (2020). Students use of religious coping, Fig 7. Fourteen conceptually differentiable coping strategies are measured by the Brief COPE (Carver, 1997): active coping, planning, using emotional support, using instrumental support, venting, positive reframing, acceptance, denial, self-blame, humor, religion, self-distraction, substance use, and behavioral disengagement. Fig 2. A brief questionnaire was used to capture participant information. Aim of the Study and Research Questions As the students collaborated with one another, they gained greater appreciation for one anothers disciplines and unique skill sets, Johnson-Huff said. Copyright 2023 National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. and Affiliates. Stress, coping and gender differences in third year medical students. In this context, positive coping strategies and PsyCap may be increasingly valuable assets for university students to address the psychological challenges associated with this pandemic and to maintain or enhance their well-being. Psychological capital: An evidence-based positive approach. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social distancing, lockdowns, cancelled or limited leisure activities and tutorials and supervision for students taking place digital. Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. The aim of the current study was to examine the relationships among well-being in university students before and during the onset of COVID-19 with PsyCap and coping strategies. Now is my chance to help others. WebMike T. Docmerit is a great platform to get and share study resources, especially the resource contributed by past students and who have done similar courses. Whether youre a graduate student or an undergrad, youre probably feeling anxious, sad and uncertain. P = Positive Emotion, E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, L = Loneliness. Indirect Effect of Psychological Capital on PERMA Factors Through Coping Strategies (Mediators), Note. https://news.gallup.com/poll/310250/worry-stress-fuel-record-drop-life-satisfaction.aspx, Youssef-Morgan, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2015). University Students and Mental Health B., Avolio, B. J., & Luthans, F. (2011). Stress Health, 31(3), 180188. Some students coped with the shared trauma of the COVID-19 pandemic by focusing their energy inward and using this time for self-care, or COVID-19 hastened a trend that was already ongoing before the pandemic outbreak: the progressively increasing use of distance and online teaching and learning, alongside with lectures and classes. Limitations and Directions for Future Research. National Library of Medicine However, there is a paucity of research to address the possible impacts of the pedagogical shift integrated into new online platforms on learning, interaction, and assessment, especially in higher education settings from the vantage point of EFL (2017). These patterns are primarily driven by those with more negative experiences of the pandemic. To avoid being overwhelmed, set limits on your media consumption and smartphone use. Coping Strategies as a Mediator Academic stress, coping, emotion regulation, affect and psychosomatic symptoms in higher education. Sheldon and Lyubomirsky (2006) indicated that practicing gratitude helps people to cope with negative situations because it enables them to view such situations through a more positive lens. National Survey of Counseling Center Directors 2008 [Internet]. Point-biserial correlation The COVID-19 pandemic has meant additional stress, fear, and worry for many families. The financial crisis and the well-being of Americans: 2011 OEP Hicks lecture. Specifically, the study addresses coping strategies and psychological capital (PsyCap; F. Luthans et al., 2007) and how they relate to levels of well-being. McGonigal, J. From the Great Depression to 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina, victims of these life-shattering events have had to deal with their present circumstances and were also left with worries about how life and society would be inexorably altered in the future. Torinomi C, Lindenberg K, Mltner A, Herpertz SC, Holm-Hadulla RM. These include approaches to building positive emotions (Fredrickson, 2009); coping strategies, which were found in this study to boost well-being (Jardin et al., 2018; Lyubomirsky, 2008); and effective goal pursuits (F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1388434, Hazan Liran, B., & Miller, P. (2019). Coping strategies with insignificant mediating role are not included in the table. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Jardin, C., Mayorga, N. A., Bakhshaie, J., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., Sharp, C., Cardoso, J. The 14 subscales may be broadly classified into two types of responsesadaptive and problematic (Carver, 1997, p. 98). How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. Fig 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.013, Rabenu, E., Yaniv, E., & Elizur, D. (2017). Iasiello, M., Bartholomaeus, J., Jarden, A., & Kelly, G. (2017). Use of multiple social media platforms and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A nationally-representative study among U.S. young adults. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the functioning of universities worldwide. Weband is associated with psychosocial coping skills and resources, degree of experienced psy- university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A machine learning approach. Participants were asked to complete the well-being assessment twicefirst, by responding as they recalled their well-being prior to COVID-19, and second, by responding as they reflected on their well-being during the pandemic. Avey, J. Best Colleges (April 20, 2020). PsyCap is a state-like construct that consists of four dimensions: hope (H), self-efficacy (E), resilience (R), and optimism (O), often referred to by the acronym HERO (F. Luthans et al., 2007). B., & Zvolensky, M. J. In future, researchers may wish to investigate whether PsyCap predicts longitudinal changes in well-being in the COVID-19 context. Predictors of Students' Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Impact of Coping Strategies, Sense of Coherence, and Social Support. A tool to help you build resilience during difficult times. Risk perceptions, fear, depression, anxiety, stress and coping among Saudi nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants reported higher levels of negative emotion and loneliness after the onset of COVID-19, and a decrease in positive emotion. Students use of religious coping (mean) and sources of expected support during the, Fig 8. E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, https://www.chronicle.com/article/distanced-learning, Huckins, J. F., DaSilva, A. W., Wang, W., Hedlund, E., Rogers, C., Nepal, S. K., Wu, J., Obuchi, M., Murphy, E. I., Several researchers have found that relatively short training in PsyCap interventions, including web-based platforms (Dello Russo & Stoykova, 2015; Demerouti et al., 2011; Ertosun et al., 2015; B. C. Luthans et al., 2012, 2013) have been effective. The predictive role of resilience on positive emotion, accomplishment, negative emotion, and loneliness also became significant during COVID-19. Undoubtedly, the period has been stressful for nursing students. Your classmates, friends or family members may be disobeying the rules about physical distancing or doing other things that add to your stress. Changes in the PERMA Prior to the Onset of COVID-19 and After the Onset of COVID-19. Journal of Health Management, 16(2), 315326. Retrospective recall may be inaccurate (Gilbert, 2007) with participants under- or overestimating their well-being. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 282294. Measuring PERMA+ in South Australia, the State of Wellbeing: A comparison with national and international norms. Correlation analyses (see Table 1) revealed significant and positive correlations between four PsyCap HERO dimensions (i.e., hope, self-efficacy, resilience, and optimism; Avey, Avolio et al., 2011) and the six PERMA elements (i.e., positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment, and physical health; Butler & Kern, 2016). Guarding Your Joy: Keeping Your Mental Wellness High On Your Agenda, 7 Tips For Keeping A Routine For Your Wellness, Your Employees Are Stressed: Why Digital Mental Health Solutions Are Important In These Unpredictable Times And Beyond, Social Distancing And Staying Connected Through Games, Your Feelings (About Coronavirus) Are Valid, 10 Things You Can Do Besides Watch The News, A College Students 7 Tips For Transitioning To Online Classes. How Do I Feel Better When The World Is Burning? The main coping methods used were watching movies and listening to music (81%), playing sports (80%), praying (75%), rigorously applying social distancing measures These feelings are normal. Coping Through the Coronavirus. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197, Klussman, K., Nichols, A. L., Langer, J., & Curtin, N. (2020). -, Wirkus , Babicka-Wirkus A, Opora R, Stasiak K. Burnout among Probation Officers in Poland and the Role of Preferred Styles of Coping with Stress. Goodman, F. R., Disabato, D. J., Kashdan, T. B., & Kauffman, S. B. Thus, in general, internal consistency reliability coefficients tend to be relatively smaller ( = .5 to .9). Listen to childrens concerns. Luthans, F., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2017). As expected, negative emotion and loneliness significantly increased during the period of COVID-19, impacting overall well-being in an adverse manner. In this context, it could be useful to understand issues that people find most concerning and ways in which they cope with stress. Data were collected online in May and June 2020 using Qualtrics after obtaining approval from the IRBs of our respective universities. Would you like email updates of new search results? Gilbert, D. (2007). Specifically, adaptive coping strategies played a significant role in enhancing the positive effects of PsyCap on well-being. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800332, Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Avey, J. Researchers have reported that high levels of technology and social media use are associated with depression and anxiety among adolescents and young adults (Huckins et al., 2020; Primack et al., 2017; Twenge, 2017).

Red Bull Annual Report 2021, Apush Period 3 Quizlet Multiple Choice, How Many People Are Killed By Police Each Year, Microbacter Clean For Dinos, Is It Cultural Appropriation To Wear Multiple Braids, Articles C