bell and gower principles of materials development

Some shared features among books 1.too quickly published with too little piloting 2.they do not sufficiently reflect what we know about language and then fail to meet the true needs of learners 3.they can provide a very useful resource for teachers draw backs of course books: 1.limitting creativity 2.not showing the dynamic and interactive nature (2001). Bell and Gower, as described by Tomlinson 2004:19, start writing materials by articulating the principles which they want to guide their writing although most accounts of materials development describe processes which are spontaneous and which rely on an intuitive feel for activities which are likely to 'work'. [ Teaching unplugged. /Rotate 0 Polanyi, M. (1967). (1989). MATSDA (The Materials Development Association) is an interna-tional materials development association founded in 1993 by Brian Tomlinson to contribute to the development of quality materials for learners of second and foreign languages. - London : Sweet & Maxwell 346.41066 . Allen & Overy Professor of Corporate Law University of Oxford Fellow of Jesus College Honorary Bencher of Gray's Inn and SARAH WORTHINGTON, Q.C. (2011a). Brian Tomlinson English Language Learning Materi Book Fi org, Materials Actaptation of EAP Materials by Experiencecl Teachers (Part II. Boston: Heinle & Heinle. The picture below shows our final group selection of principles for materials design. London: Penguin. Access-self materials. Tsagari, D. & N. Sifakis (2014) EFL course book evaluation in Greek primary schools: views from teachers and authors. Harlow: Longman. Each principle of materials development needs to be derived from principles of language acquisition and should then be used to develop frameworks that link together procedures in an organic and coherent way. Such matters include the reasons for ESP materials development, the value of authentic materials, the evaluation of published materials, the development of original and adapted in-house materials, and the corresponding implications for the ESP practitioner. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1.2.2 Materials development 'Materials development is both a fi eld of study and a practical undertak-ing. (2012). /Rect [ 15.19346 620.82798 88.12217 634.91648 ] Motivating literature assessment in an EFL setting. Google Scholar. Teaching ESL/EFL listening and speaking. \u,7 @[L KZYF2%BE^MZh xEiB>}6-!(Gi7Q7X@h`~ }XWHP"(9=$pHE7."m&E0kG'!TJ(bs/RDZj(I0Y$/|1% ixs%{8o`xFf]@ajm]Pt+r OsJs1ir7&j}7;RV5-C/(@]\O7S!WS5 st]?g+Ay)Y Ny4]9+\fS#x]|.G2Z DI@x/Ao*X 4 0 obj Materials writing principles and processes: What can we learn for teacher development? New York, NY: Doubleday and Co. Prabhu, N. S. (1989). Guerrettaz, Anne Marie They also articulate eleven principles which guide their writing. Nation, I. S. P., & Newton, J. Sweet & Maxwell has published the 10th edition of Gower: Principles of Modern Company Law edited by Professor Paul Davies and Professor Sarah Worthington. (1997). ']`qlf@f@{8{Yt:>:7]UcEon! e @9#'=xo69rh .BMSp%w)+yf tw6Ln Up7A:F&vs(I~gY t"x26FS~q HyPzRJ0DMXH>2~Z$c 3,.%fXdv$0 7E[S{4Uq>-C4UtX^ ||kO=aIHZkL HCVW-\EPITaLqRAHS7J28eW*`3 (:NQwT%#0LySkL"^MrO&i K0IefM"YoDh&/0 ?n~N)y|Mu~wv~q udMHC V?w$z$ Qgg&..g=[}Bd3i[DlU^ w This research aimed to investigate the English needs of Tour and Travel Department at Vocational High School Negeri 1 and Vocational High School Negeri 7 in Bengkulu City. Copyright All rights reserved. Approaches and methods in language teaching, Jack C. Richards and Theodore S. Rodgers. Developing English Language Teaching Materials Using a Text-driven Approach, Using Material Authenticity in the Saudi English Textbook Design: A Content Analysis from the Viewpoint of EFL Teachers. During our second seminar, we discussed some of the principles put forward in the literature on materials writing and attempted to agree upon those most relevant to our teaching context. Bell and Gower (as cited in Tomlinson, 2003) said that one of the principles in material development is that the material should be put in balance consideration, and one of the materials is cultural content (Rubby, 2003, p. 52). Part 2. A principled approach to adaptation and supplementation: Re-examining teacher-coursebook relations., CELE Journal, 24, 79-114. Toronto: Pippin. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:10:37.271Z Wright, A., & Hill, A. Gower principles of modern company law. [24] Griffith, A. and Watson, P. (2004). This article reviews the literature on the relatively new field of materials development for language learning and teaching. VitalSource is the leading provider of online textbooks and course materials. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-432-9_2, Critical New Literacies: The Praxis of English Language Teaching and Learning (PELT), http://asian-efl-journal.com/sept_05_re.pdf, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Ellis, R. (2005). Gower is the clearest and most reliable text available to cover the increasingly complex subject of company law. Phuong thi Anh Le. Materials should take into account that the positive effects of instruction are usually delayed. Petaling Jaya: Peasrson Malaysia. Folio, 14(1), 275279. (2011). (2017).A critical review of literature on English language teaching textbook evaluation: What systemic functional linguistics can offer. Vol. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Contents 6 0 R /Type /Annot For me, the final two principles in the image above overlap and could be reworded to better reflect my view on the role materials play in motivation. [ The first requires authenticity and like Graves and Nunan, I will apply this to tasks as well as texts; the second prioritises opportunities for feedback while the third refers to the long-term nature of language learning. Materials Development: Getting to the heart of language . 6 0 obj Principles of Materials Development There are sixteen principles that Tomlinson (1998:7-21) summarizes of what he thinks many SLA researchers would agree to be the basic principles of . >> Graves, K. (2000) Designing language courses a guide for teachers. EJALTEFL, 3(2), 5969. /Annots 2 0 R Such principles are not only reflexive and more context-bound; they are always related to specific content (in this case, EFL teaching . New Found Efficiencies LLC. advice and principles for materials developers is provided by McGrath (2002: 152-61). Barrister Downing Professor of the Laws of England University of Cambridge Story building. May 2020 - Present2 years 11 months. .coursebook deficiency disorder: Coursebook bore, Helping less-experienced teachers of English to evaluate teachers guides, A comparison of textbook and authentic interactions, Authentic materials and authenticity in foreign language learning, Using online corpora to develop students writing skills, The ELT coursebook as cultural artefact: How teachers censor and adapt, The construction of English: Culture, consumerism and promotion in the ELT coursebook, Teaching thinking: An agenda for the twenty first century, The practice of English language teaching, The evaluation of teachers guides design and application, Getting started: Materials writers on materials writing, Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning, The struggle to teach English as an international language, Language learning in intercultural perspectives, The power of reading: Insights from the research, Problematic issues in ESP materials development, Discourse particles in corpus data and textbooks: The case of, The use of English textbooks for teaching English to vocational students in Singapore secondary schools: A survey of teachers beliefs, Guidelines for the production of in-house self-access materials, Learning foreign languages from authentic texts, Authentik Language Learning Resources Ltd, Foreign language research in cross-cultural perspective, Language, authority and criticism: Readings on the school textbook, English language learning materials: A critical review, Second selections from Modern English Teacher, English for specific purposes: A survey review of current materials, Materials and methods in ELT: A teacher's guide, Learner autonomy 4: The role of authentic texts, Materials evaluation and design for language teaching, Teaching unplugged: Dogme in English language teaching, The practical aspects of instructional materials preparation, Designing authenticity into language learning materials, Caring and sharing in the foreign language class, Principles for designing language teaching materials, Designing tasks for the communicative classroom, Language teaching methodology: A textbook for teachers, Teaching reading skills in a foreign language. ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEXTBOOKS EVALUATION IN PAKISTAN, A Sample Corpus Integration in Language Teacher Education through Coursebook Evaluation, Authenticity and Adaptation of Instructional Materials in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Class, ELT Materials Evaluation: A System and Criteria, MATERIALS, MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT AND INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, Developing Materials for the Acquisition of Language, English Language Teaching Today - Linking Theory and Practice, Developing Materials for Language Teaching, Expanding the Discourse in ELT Materials Development Through Creativity and Innovation, Evaluating the long-term effectiveness of English language coursebooks at Turkish public high schools, ELT course books and Global English: the case of Greek lower secondary state schools. So we cannot separate materials from more general issues to do with language and language learning. It then considers some key issues that currently stimulate debate in the field before concluding with an evaluation of achievements so far plus predictions for future developments. Tomlinson (1998b: 5-22) proposes 15 principles for materials development that derive from second language acquisition research and experience. Redgrave, Andrew Traditional folk songs. Taking a chance on chance. English through music. the learners, how it should be provided and what can be done with it to promote language learning. Furthermore, if culture is accepted as an integral factor There are many stages and considerations in material development and compromise can exist at the earliest possible stage of creation: conceptual-ization. By: ), Of pavlova, poetry and paradigms: Essays in honour of Harry Orsman (pp. "EFL Course book evaluation in Greek primary schools: voices from teachers and writers". Morrow, K. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Project work (Revised ed.). Principles of instructed language learning. 444 444 444 444 444 444 667 444 444 444 444 444 278 278 278 278 (2009). /Type /Annot endobj So what of our other principles? Materials as support: Materials as constraint. London: Macmillan. Material Development is anything which is done by writers, teachers or learners to provide sources of language input and to exploit those sources in ways which maximize the likelihood of the intake. (2nd ed) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Materials should push learners beyond their current level. 5 0 obj A look at materials development, Evaluating and designing materials for the ESP classroom, The Work of Brian Abbs and Ingrid Freebairn, Language Theories Donation through Materials Development A case study in Jordan, Developing Materials for the 21st Century. September 6, 2022. by . (2011). The publication of the first edition of Gower's Principles of Modern Company Law in 1954 has been recognized as a milestone in the development of company law textbooks. _y>@J#]- kov~FLYD[jQyyM9xV#k7J0bhh8vL9d ~%g+p d~l9Xe/~+%p1M=I~{_pXD3mVBOdkfec>ddU6Y%,. Allwright, R. (1981). - Materials must be challenging. bell and gower principles of materials development . Product Insights Shopify, Are they all created equally? Folio, 13(2), 114. /Border [ 0 0 0 ] Advances in Language and Literary Studies [ALLS]. 556 556 444 389 333 556 500 722 500 500 444 394 220 394 520 778 Drama and improvisation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 26. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. 2013. Retrieved from www.scottthornbury.com. Best Hotel In Holguin, Cuba, New York, NY: Longman. More than 15 million users have used our . GOWER AND DA VIES' PRINCIPLES OF MODERN COMPANY LAW NINTH EDITION By PAUL L. DAVIES, Q.C. Maley, A. /Filter /FlateDecode The materials should: f Expose the learners to language in authentic use. Hill, A. Schon, D. (1983). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. One member of our group put forward the principle worded 'materials should evoke . /Type /Annot D. A Text-driven Approach to Materials Development Tomlinsons own preference is the text-driven approach, in which an engaging written or spoken text drives a unit of materials in which readiness activities activate the learners minds in relation to the text, initial response activities stimulate engagement whilst experiencing the text, intake response activities encourage articulation of personal responses, input response activities invite exploration of features of the text and development activities encourage learner production (Tomlinson 2003c). de Abreu-e-Lima, Denise M. (2016). Materials development is both a field of study and a practical undertaking. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Islamic Azad University, Semnan Branch, Iran, Tabaran Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran, Maley, A. /A 11 0 R Cambridge University Press. A second example is the desirability of facilitating what Bell & Gower term learner development. RAPMQqMK` c!~NmNr!YUud%-t-oVe$9''m1#sOiNZnez/]Oa4". Before proposing a process for developing legal writing materials, it is important to consider existing principles of materials development in language learning. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The Woodlands, Texas, United States. The terminology used here differs amongst authors and their phrasing could be seen as clues to their views on how languages are learned. << or create materials based on updated pedagogical principles (Bell & Gower, 1998) but such materials may represent a . ] Tubingen and Basel: Francke Verlag. To these, I have added the principles suggested by Graves8. and This paper explores the development of printed materials in ESP from a practical point of view and aims to shed light on issues of concern to ESP practitioners when they set about writing materials for classroom use. /Subtype /Link Oxford: Oxford University Press. (2008). 11 0 obj Maley, A. Journal of Language and Cultural Education, 5(1),78-102. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Furthermore, this motivation or lack thereof appears to me to be connected to many factors, the materials in use being only one. bell and gower principles of materials development +123 5678 890. 500 500 500 500 500 500 722 444 444 444 444 444 278 278 278 278 Over the past two decades, the research on materials development has grown considerably, with quite a few scholars offering useful frameworks for materials development (Jolly & Bolitho, 2011; Tomlinson, 2013, 2016) and principles for materials development (Bell & Gower, 2011; Tomlinson, 2012) and their evaluation (Tomlinson, 2013; Tomlinson et . pp.172-86. /A 13 0 R /Subtype /Link ELT Journal, 36(1), 518. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Writing poems: A resource book for teachers of English. On reflection, I think there is another point of duplication, where we have suggested that materials should be challenging and that materials should push learners beyond their present level I will combine these. Bell and Gower (1998) articulate principles to help authors make compromises to meet the practical needs of teachers and learners and to match the realities of publishing materials; Maley (1998) makes suggestions for "providing greater flexibility in decisions about content, order, pace and procedures" (p. 280); Jolly and Bolitho (1998) advocate This section, therefore, provides a general background on the principles of materials development. Those principles based on SLA research include the notions: Exposing to a rich, meaningful and comprehensible input Engaging both effectively and cognitively Achieving communicative competence Being metal resources Benefiting from noticing salient features of the input and discovering Opportunities to use language for communicative purposes Maley, A. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bamford, J., & Day, R. (2004). Evaluating and Adapting materials, Technology in ELT, Presentation materials design created by Shama Kalam Siddiqui, MATERIALS' DEVELOPMENT BY BRIAN TOMLINSON, Materials development in language teaching, The Role and Design of Instructional Materials, Designing materials for teaching autonomy, Toward a realization of psycholinguitic principles in the esl class, Designing materials for teacher autonomy v3 pptx, Shs strategies in teaching mathematics may 3 am, Learning.activity.4.males.quishpe.andrea.english.teaching.methodology. (Bell & Gower, 2011, pp.135-139; Masuhara, et al., pp. /Thumb 130 0 R Teaching is at most hoping for the best. Principles and Procedures in Materials Development. onyx travel agent commission. pp.1-31. Materials Development in Language . Despite these changes, overall, I am surprised to find that our selections mirror those points where the literature emphasises importance. 13 0 obj Using surveys in language programs, James Dean Brown. Some shared features among books 1.too quickly published with too little piloting 2.they do not sufficiently reflect what we know about language and then fail to meet the true needs of learners 3.they can provide a very useful resource for teachers draw backs of course books: 1.limitting creativity 2.not showing the dynamic and interactive nature Harlow: Pearson. First is to re- examine the selection criteria used during the pre-use stage whether they are realistically met in the classrooms, and second is to investigate how teachers actually use the coursebook (McGrath, 2002). << As a field it studies the principles and procedures of the design, implementation and evaluation of language teaching materials B. Frameworks for materials development Richards (1995:102-103) describes frameworks as the process of designing a design or frame for a unit in a textbook which can serve as a formulae which the author can use in writing the book C. Principles in Materials Development Most writers on the process of the materials development focus on needs analysis as starting point. Essentials for Effective Material Development in ELT Mohammed Tausif ur Rahman . Required fields are marked *. /Rect [ 14.03994 11.98548 234.95413 28.31765 ] It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. In Issues in Materials Development, we take a theory to practice approach with emphasis on theoretical underpinnings that lead into practical aspects of the processes and mechanisms of designing materials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. One of my own suggestions materials should facilitate and encourage autonomy could be considered a parallel for Bell & Gowers learner development and perhaps my colleagues suggestion that materials should be making students do most of the work ties in here too. (ed). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-432-9_2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-432-9_2, Publisher Name: SensePublishers, Rotterdam. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, Science and Education Development Institute (SEDInst), Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, Tsagari, D. & A. Pavlou (2013) The nature and impact of textbook-based vocabulary tests on teaching and learning. Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. /Border [ 0 0 0 ] First, the field is . International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ), Sociocultural theory and second-language learning (pp. In order to account for these roles effectively, the evaluator must gain an awareness of the learner and teachers needs and interests (Bell & Gower, 1998). pp.116-129. Materials Development: Getting to the heart of language . Materials should encourage learners to develop learning skills, and skills in learning 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sound foundations. Writing stories: A resource book for teachers of English. bell and gower principles of materials developmentstarting a hair extension business uk Markisen kaufen - Markisen Test - Vergleiche Die Top 5 der besten Markisen patagonia centered tights ridgid of50150ts parts Learner-based teaching. September 6, 2022 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hadfield, J. Uncovering CLIL. Spiro, J. 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 564 564 564 444 The Oxford handbook of applied linguistics, Investigating the views of teachers on assessment of English language learning in the Singapore education system, The cultural politics of English as an international language, Materials as support: Materials as constraint, Methodology and materials design in language teaching: Current perceptions and practises and their implications, Understanding second and foreign language learning, Curriculum development in language education, Materials development and research making the connection, Teachers and textbooks: A survey of beliefs and practice, Authenticity in the language classroom and beyond: Adult learners, Expertise in second language learning and teaching, ELT textbooks and materials: Problems in evaluation and development. 3 0 R 4 0 R 5 0 R bell and gower principles of materials developmentstainless steel anniversary rings. =qEZ?o3JyZL{B(t PK ! << Duff, A., & Maley, A. for this article. (1999). (2006). 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. ELT Documents 126, Modern English Publications and the British Council, Teaching English as a second or foreign language, Reclaiming the local in language policy and practice, Multimedia CALL: Lessons to be learned from research on instructed SLA, Computer applications in second language acquisition, Levels of processing: a framework for memory research, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, Evaluating and selecting EFL teaching material, Factors in evaluating and selecting texts for the foreign language classroom, Extensive reading in the second language classroom, Methodology and materials design in language teaching, Acquiring literacy in a second language: The effect of book-based programmes, Input based approaches to teaching grammar: A review of classroom oriented research, Introduction: investigating form-focused instruction, Task-based language learning and teaching, Content and language integrated learning (CLIL) at school in Europe, Approaches to materials design in European textbooks: Implementing principles of authenticity, learner autonomy, cultural awareness, A problem shared. What is materials development ? Special number TESOL Teacher Education and Development EJALELT, 3(2), 164. Tomlinson, B. Guidelines: A Periodical for Classroom Language Teachers, 11(1), 6674. How far do 'global' ELT coursebooks realize key principles of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) and enable effective . Stannard, R. (2012). Being creative: The challenge of change in the classroom. It addresses the procedures for identifying, designing, monitoring and using Canning, Nick Cambridge University Press. materials writing process (Bell 8c Gower, 2011; Maley, 2003; Mares, 2003), and types of materials . The reflective practitioner. Construction management: principles and practices. Nunan refers to developing learning skills and skills in learning; 9 Hutchinson & Waters require materials to be equal to the complexity of the task of learning a language and give the learners the necessary tools to succeed; Graves calls for activities which develop specific skills and strategies 10 while Tomlinson values materials which require an investment from and devolve responsibility to the learners. Mohammadkhani, A. Maley, A. Best Hotel In Holguin, Cuba, and This article outlines the steps involved in writing secondary learners' textbooks from the vantage point of the authors and publishers. Example Of Simulation In Business, (1990).Classroom dynamics. 2. >> Global. /Resources << /Font << /F2 118 0 R /F1 162 0 R /F6 123 0 R /F7 185 0 R >> /ExtGState << /R11 191 0 R /R4 8 0 R /R20 9 0 R >> As a fi eld it studies the principles and procedures of the design, imple-mentation and evaluation of language teaching materials' (Tomlinson 2001 : 66). 333 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 333 556 278 833 556 500 . Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. Bell & Gower also favour an analytical approach. As England sought to build a mercantile Empire, the government created corporations under a Royal Charter or an Act of Parliament with the grant of a monopoly over a specified territory. The quality of the presentations CLIL-Oriented and Task-based EFL Materials Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier 624.1821 032391683x 0367350785 "useRatesEcommerce": false Penaflorida (1995:172-179) reports her use of the six principles of materials design identified by Nunan (1988): 1. Aurstad, Lisa M. G. Expect the unexpected. The picture below shows our final group selection of principles for materials design. _7J:_!yO,!ls, Tomlinson, B. Sifakis, Nicos C. /Producer (BCL easyPDF 6.00 \(0320\)) (2011). principles applicable to any learning context and local criteria specific to the target learningcontext 2. Both Graves and Nunan extend this to authenticity of tasks as well as texts. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. For its wording, I will borrow from Tomlinson 14 who says Materials should take into account that the positive effects of instruction are usually delayed. Wilson, K. (2008). 142-6) started by Materials development in language teaching. So what are these principles? !{DWo=qmK]: 0 0 items. Getting started: materials writers on materials writing. An additional similarity is the need for authenticity, or in Bell & Gowers terms, natural language. This linear view of language learning doesnt take account of the need for repeated exposure to aspects of the language and ongoing and repeated opportunities for practice. (2013). [ Moreover, material development involves the reduction, addition or adaptation of existing materials (Tomlinson, 1998); while supplementary materials, involve anything . In L. Bauer & C. Franzen (Eds. Materials development is both a field of study and a practical undertaking. McDonough and Shaw (2003) have distinguished between two types of material evaluation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Eds. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. (2nd ed.) The third type of material evaluation is 'retrospective' or 'post-use' (reflective) evaluation of a material that has been adopted in an institution. Thornbury, S. (2014). Materials development in language teaching (Revised ed.). As you read them you might like to evaluate their validity and usefulness and to think of other principles of your own. Renandya, W. A., Hu, G. W., & Yu, X. (2011). How to teach English with technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Best Flyaway Hair Stick, a material. Here are the main principles of language acquisition which I follow when developing materials, and some of the principles for materials development which I derive from them. The language teachers voice. Eventually these competing companies all combined as well. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tomlinson, B. (1998). Sense Publishers, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Tomlinson (2003a:8) suggests that materials writers "underestimate . It seems as though authenticity was missed off our list, which is something of an oversight. (2009). As well as being of more use to the novice, who likely would not have a large repertoire of materials of their own design to which they might make modifications, the process of defining or agreeing upon these principles could be expected to result in more student-centered, needs-focussed materials. of these factors include the roles of the learner, teacher, and instructional materials as well as the syllabus (Richards & Rodgers, 1987). (hon), F.B.A. Material development is basically dealing with selection, adaptation, and creation of teaching materials Nunan, 1991. Another publication concerned with principles of . By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. If none of this is very helpful to the aspiring materials writer, we can take comfort from Tomlinsons statement of preference for a principled approach to materials writing one which is driven by a set of agreed principles, both universal Dictation. 250 333 408 500 500 833 778 180 333 333 500 564 250 333 250 278

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