what type of virus is influenza

This is why yearly vaccination is recommended. [47], Initially, the microbial agent responsible for influenza was incorrently identified in 1892 by R. F. J. Pfeiffer as the bacteria species Haemophilus influenzae, which retains "influenza" in its name. To date, all known flu pandemics have been caused by IAVs, and they follow the same pattern of spreading from an origin point to the rest of the world over the course of multiple waves in a year. Secondary pneumonia typically has a period of improvement in symptoms for 13 weeks[13] followed by recurrent fever, sputum production, and fluid buildup in the lungs,[1] but can also occur just a few days after influenza symptoms appear. [1] Furthermore, pigs, along with bats and quails,[17] are recognized as a mixing vessel of influenza viruses because they have both -2,3 and -2,6 sialic acid receptors in their respiratory tract. [1][9][13], Influenza can affect pregnancy, including causing smaller neonatal size, increased risk of premature birth, and an increased risk of child death shortly before or after birth. HPAI and LPAI designations do not refer to or correlate with the severity of illness in cases of human infection with these viruses; both LPAI and HPAI A viruses have caused mild to severe illness in infected humans. Future flu pandemics, which may be caused by an influenza virus of avian origin,[24] are viewed as almost inevitable, and increased globalization has made it easier for novel viruses to spread,[23] so there are continual efforts to prepare for future pandemics[53] and improve the prevention and treatment of influenza. [1][3] During these processes, RdRps of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) function optimally at a higher temperature than mammalian influenza viruses. [13] Generally after each influenza pandemic, the pandemic strain continues to circulate as the cause of seasonal influenza, replacing prior strains. [53][57] Subtypes of IAV were discovered throughout the 1930s,[54] and IBV was discovered in 1940. Influenza research is wide-ranging and includes efforts to understand how influenza viruses enter hosts, the relationship between influenza viruses and bacteria, how influenza symptoms progress, and what make some influenza viruses deadlier than others. Influenza B virus (IBV) and Influenza C virus (ICV) primarily infect humans, and Influenza D virus (IDV) is found in cattle and pigs. Open Document. The exception are bat influenza-like viruses, which have an uncertain origin. [16][24] Most AIVs are LPAI. [1] Direction transmission from wild birds is rare. 56 Words. Other complications of infection include acute respiratory distress syndrome, meningitis, encephalitis, and worsening of pre-existing health problems such as asthma and cardiovascular disease. HPAI H7N9 emerged sometime in 2016 and has occasionally infected humans incidentally. During antigenic shift, antigenically different strains that infect the same cell can reassort genome segments with each other, producing hybrid progeny. The nasal spray is approved for people between 2 and 49 years old. An exacerbated immune response, however, can harm the host organism through a cytokine storm. [8], In humans, influenza viruses first cause infection by infecting epithelial cells in the respiratory tract. Only influenza A viruses . [16] M1 and NEP proteins localize to the nucleus during the later stages of infection, bind to viral RNPs and mediate their export to the cytoplasm where they migrate to the cell membrane with the aid of recycled endosomes and are bundled into the segments of the genome. Research conducted during the past several years has led to an increased . IAV has evolved various strategies to counteract the innate immune response, using different viral proteins. Consequently, the commonly recommended methods of infection control are respiratory etiquette, hand hygiene, and mask wearing, which are inexpensive and easy to perform. Also, antibodies against influenza viruses you've encountered in the past may not protect you from new influenza strains. Guillain Barr Syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disease in which the peripheral nerves and nerve roots are damaged by the immune systems antibodies and lymphocytes. Final confirmation can then be done via antibody staining, hemadsorption using red blood cells, or immunofluorescence microscopy. This content does not have an Arabic version. In long-term care facilities, the flu can spread rapidly after it is introduced. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google [11], IAV and IBV co-circulate, so the two have the same patterns of transmission. [17][18] Two antigenic lineages are in circulation: D/swine/Oklahoma/1334/2011 (D/OK) and D/bovine/Oklahoma/660/2013 (D/660). Since the mid-1800s, influenza has also been used to refer to severe colds. In birds, 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes have been identified. other information we have about you. [1], The word influenza comes from the Italian word influenza, from medieval Latin influentia, originally meaning "visitation" or "influence". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Infection also induces production of systemic glucocorticoids that can reduce inflammation to preserve tissue integrity but allow increased bacterial growth. HA and HEF[18] proteins have a distinct "head" and "stalk" structure. For example, NATs have high sensitivity and specificity but are impractical in under-resourced regions due to their high cost, complexity, maintenance, and training required. The 1918 flu pandemic was also caused by an influenza A H1N1 virus. [1][9][10] ICV and IDV experience a slower rate of antigenic evolution than IAV and IBV. [15] In bacterial infections, early depletion of macrophages during influenza creates a favorable environment in the lungs for bacterial growth since these white blood cells are important in responding to bacterial infection. The A-type can also spread easily from one person to another. You can review and change the way we collect information below. ", "Novel Influenza D virus: Epidemiology, pathology, evolution and biological characteristics", "Influenza Virus Infection, Interferon Response, Viral Counter-Response, and Apoptosis", "Roles of the Non-Structural Proteins of Influenza A Virus", "Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza: Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission", "Transmission routes of respiratory viruses among humans", "Inactivation of influenza A viruses in the environment and modes of transmission: a critical review", "Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections", "Evolution of Influenza A Virus by Mutation and Re-Assortment", "Role of hemagglutinin cleavage for the pathogenicity of influenza virus", "Influenza virus-related critical illness: prevention, diagnosis, treatment", "Protection of children against influenza: Emerging problems", "Cell culture-derived influenza vaccines in the severe 20172018 epidemic season: a step towards improved influenza vaccine effectiveness", "Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses", "Effectiveness of personal protective measures in reducing pandemic influenza transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "Current Approaches for Diagnosis of Influenza Virus Infections in Humans", "Kawasaki disease and influenza-new lessons from old associations", "Estimated Influenza Illnesses, Medical visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths in the United States 20182019 influenza season", Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Up to 650 000 people die of respiratory diseases linked to seasonal flu each year", "2,500-year evolution of the term epidemic", "Eyewitness accounts of the 1510 influenza pandemic in Europe", "Discovery and characterization of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus in historical context", "Complete genomic sequence of human coronavirus OC43: molecular clock analysis suggests a relatively recent zoonotic coronavirus transmission event", "1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics", "A virus obtained from influenza patients", "The Spanish flu and the fiction literature", "Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS)", "Universal influenza virus vaccines and therapeutic antibodies", "mRNA vaccines manufacturing: Challenges and bottlenecks", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Influenza&oldid=1118543268, Influenza virus, magnified approximately 100,000 times. Human infections with HPAI A(H5N1) virus have been reported in 19 countries since 2003, resulting in severe pneumonia and death in more than 50% of cases. [40] Aspirin is not recommended to treat influenza in children due to an elevated risk of developing Reye syndrome. The other types of influenza virus are type B and type C. Influenza types A and B are the most common causes of flu in Australia and can cause major outbreaks and severe disease. 26th ed. There are genetic and antigenic differences between the influenza A virus subtypes that typically infect only birds and those that can infect birds and people. There is a total of 5 errors on this form, details are below. Other AIVs have less commonly infected humans since the 1990s, including H5N6, H6N1, H7N2-4, H7N7, and H10N7-8,[15] and HPAI H subtypes such as H5N1-3, H5N5-6, and H5N8 have begun to spread throughout much of the world since the 2010s. [45] Notably, the 1957 pandemic was the first flu pandemic to occur in the presence of a global surveillance system and laboratories able to study the novel influenza virus. Human infections with HPAI A(H5N6) virus have been reported since 2014 from two countries with death occurring in more than 40% of cases, and human infections with HPAI A(H5N8) virus were reported from one country in 2021. Over the course of a flu season, different types (A & B) and subtypes (flu A) of flu circulate and cause illness. Flu (influenza) is an infection of the nose, throat and lungs, which are part of the respiratory system. It isn't recommended for some groups, such as: If you have an egg allergy, you can still get a flu vaccine. DeeDee Stiepan: Getting a flu vaccine helps rule out influenza if you develop respiratory issues and helps reduce stress on the health care system. There are four types of flu viruses, but the two that cause illness in humans most commonly are influenza A and influenza B. This is largely due to current evidence often being low-quality or unreliable. The viral genome is incorporated inside a viral envelope derived from portions of the cell membrane that have HA, NA, and M2 proteins. For more information, please visit the links below: You are welcome to continue browsing this site with this browser. [1] Closure of live poultry markets appears to the most effective measure[15] and has shown to be effective at controlling the spread of H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2. And if a COVID-19 vaccine or booster and a flu vaccination are due at the same time, the CDC reports that you can get vaccinated for both in one visit. Viral conjunctivitis is the most common cause ofinfectious conjunctivitis, Read more on Australian Prescriber website, When you have persistent, sharp spasms or fits of coughing (paroxysms) that the doctor suspects is due to pertussis (whooping cough) or when you have symptoms of a cold and have been exposed to someone with pertussis [16] H3N8 in equines spreads via aerosols and causes respiratory illness. [19] Influenza viruses also encode various accessory proteins, such as PB1-F2 and PA-X, that are expressed through alternative open reading frames[1][20] and which are important in host defense suppression, virulence, and pathogenicity. However, severe . Influenza Type A viruses can infect people, as well as birds, pigs, horses, and other animals. Mayo Clinic offers flu shots in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota. While most healthy people recover from the flu in about a week, children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems or . Influenza A virus (IAV) is a globally distributed zoonotic pathogen and causes a highly infectious respiratory disease with high morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. Vaccination can protect you against influenza A. Some features, tools or interaction may not work correctly. [11], Newly synthesized viral polymerase subunits and NP proteins are imported to the nucleus to further increase the rate of viral replication and form RNPs. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. If we combine this information with your protected But children and adults at high risk may develop complications that may include: Pneumonia is one of the most serious complications. [8][3] Other manufacturing methods include an MDCK cell culture-based inactivated vaccine and a recombinant subunit vaccine manufactured from baculovirus overexpression in insect cells. Medicines are available to treat pain and fever. [4] Oseltamivir resistance is usually reported in H1N1, but has been reported in H3N2 and IBVs less commonly. [17] In 1996, HPAI H5N1 was detected in Guangdong, China[24] and a year later emerged in poultry in Hong Kong, gradually spreading worldwide from there. Egypt reported the first human infections with A(H10N7) virus in 2004, while Australia reported human infections with A(H10N7) virus in March 2010. [10] Three segments encode three subunits of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex: PB1, a transcriptase, PB2, which recognizes 5' caps, and PA (P3 for ICV and IDV), an endonuclease. In most cases you can treat the symptoms of a mild flu yourself by resting at home. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Transmission of Flu Viruses from Animals to People, Antigenic Characterization of Flu Viruses, Flu Virus Genome Sequencing and Genetic Characterization, Advanced Molecular Detection (AMD) and Flu, Reconstruction of the 1918 Flu Pandemic Virus, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Reconstruction of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic Virus, 2022-2023 Preliminary In-Season Burden Estimate, Who is at Higher Risk of Flu Complications, Flu and COVID-19 Vaccine Coadministration, Who Should & Who Should NOT Get Vaccinated, Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV)/Nasal Spray Vaccine, Selecting Viruses for the Seasonal Influenza Vaccine, Flu Vaccine and People with Egg Allergies, Frequently Asked Questions on Vaccine Supply, Historical Reference of Vaccine Doses Distributed, Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network (HAIVEN), Influenza and Other Viruses in the Acutely Ill (IVY), Respiratory Virus Transmission Network (RVTN), Randomized Assessment of Influenza Vaccine Efficacy Network (RAIVEN), How Vaccine Effectiveness and Efficacy are Measured, What People with a Staph Infection Should Know about Flu, Resources for Hosting a Vaccination Clinic, Overview of Influenza Surveillance in the United States, Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET), Weekly U.S. [2] IAVs can be classified more specifically to also include natural host species, geographical origin, year of isolation, and strain number, such as H1N1/A/duck/Alberta/35/76. Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are respiratory illnesses that refer to a variety of infections of the sinuses, throat, airway or lungs. What is type A influenza? But antibody levels may decline over time. Dr. Poland: The symptoms of COVID and influenza overlap almost exactly in their initial manifestations with the exception of the loss of smell, loss of taste. [54] Highly pathogenic avian influenza was recognized in 1878[54] and was soon linked to transmission to humans. The number of deaths probably exceeded one million, mostly among the very young and very old. Find out about COVID-19, COVID-19 vaccines, and Mayo Clinic patient and visitor updates. One approach in development are lab-on-a-chips, which are diagnostic devices that make use of a variety of diagnostic tests, such as RT-PCR and serological assays, in microchip form. Influenza virus C causes mild sickness, and influenza virus D causes . There are four types of influenza (flu) viruses: A, B, C and D. Wild aquatic birds, including gulls, terns, and shorebirds, and wild waterfowl, such as ducks, geese and swans are considered reservoirs (hosts) for avian influenza A viruses. The flu vaccine can lower your risk of getting the flu. AskMayoExpert. The time between exposure to the virus and development of symptoms, called the incubation period, is 14 days, most commonly 12 days. The term influenza refers to illness caused by influenza virus. [27], Influenza is usually transmissible from one day before the onset of symptoms to 57 days after. [2], Annual vaccination is the primary and most effective way to prevent influenza and influenza-associated complications, especially for high-risk groups. [13], The pathophysiology of influenza is significantly influenced by which receptors influenza viruses bind to during entry into cells. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. [39], Treatment of influenza in cases of mild or moderate illness is supportive and includes anti-fever medications such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen,[40] adequate fluid intake to avoid dehydration, and resting at home. Complications and mortality primarily occur in high-risk populations and those who are hospitalized. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. [19] Various mutations have been identified that are associated with AIVs adapting to mammals. Symptoms of the H1N1 flu are the same as those of the seasonal flu. [17], ICV, like IBV, is primarily found in humans, though it also has been detected in pigs, feral dogs, dromedary camels, cattle, and dogs. - Related information. Most potential combinations have been reported in birds, but H17-18 and N10-11 have only been found in bats. Swine flu is mild in most people but can be severe for some high risk groups such as people with chronic conditions, pregnant people and Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people. Colds usually develop slowly. Influenza. Some recommend vaccination for all people above a certain age, such as 6 months,[32] whereas other countries recommendation is limited for high at risk groups, such as pregnant women, young children (excluding newborns), the elderly, people with chronic medical conditions, health care workers,[1] people who come into contact with high-risk people, and people who transmit the virus easily. These symptoms are usually accompanied by respiratory symptoms such as a dry cough, sore or dry throat, hoarse voice, and a stuffy or runny nose. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Influenza vaccination. Flu vaccination is especially important because the flu and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cause similar symptoms. There will also be a high-dose flu vaccine for adults age 65 and older. Influenza B almost exclusively infects humans and is less common than . [32] If a secondary bacterial infection occurs, then treatment with antibiotics may be necessary. In particular, alveolar cell infection appears to drive severe symptoms since this results in impaired gas exchange and enables viruses to infect endothelial cells, which produce large quantities of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These trusted information partners have more on this topic. Frequent hand washing and covering one's mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing reduce transmission. Binding is mediated by the viral HA proteins on the surface of the evelope, which bind to cells that contain sialic acid receptors on the surface of the cell membrane. [24] Pigs, bats, and quails have receptors for both mammalian and avian IAVs, so they are potential "mixing vessels" for reassortment. If you have emergency symptoms of the flu, get medical care right away. If you have flu symptoms and are at risk of complications, see your health care provider right away. [34] Influenza vaccination also helps to reduce the probability of reassortment. Filamentous virions are about 250 nanometers (nm) by 80nm, bacilliform 120250 by 95nm, and spherical 120nm in diameter. A(H10N4) was found in a mink in 1984 and A(H10N5) was found in swine (pigs) in 2008. clinical governance framework. Among humans, annual epidemic influenza illness is caused by two types of influenza viruses, influenza A and influenza B . At the end of budding, HA proteins remain attached to cellular sialic acid until they are cleaved by the sialidase activity of NA proteins. Type A is one of the three major types of influenza viruses (the other two being types B and . Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. [8][1] Secondary S. aureus infection has been observed, primarily in children, to cause toxic shock syndrome after influenza, with hypotension, fever, and reddening and peeling of the skin. Accessed Sept. 16, 2022. New strains can be very different viruses from what you had before. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/index.html. [2][18] The result is the production of novel strains that can evade pre-existing antibody-mediated immunity. In this study, we demonstrated that the nonstructural protein . [23][45], A minor influenza pandemic occurred from 1847 to 1851 at the same time as the third cholera pandemic and was the first flu pandemic to occur with vital statistics being recorded, so influenza mortality was clearly recorded for the first time. [1], The viral life cycle begins by binding to a target cell. The pandemic, probably caused by H1N1, likely began in the USA before spreading worldwide by soldiers during and after the First World War. A person susceptible to infection can then contract influenza by coming into contact with these particles. [29] Furthermore, cleavage of the HA protein into HA1, the binding subunit, and HA2, the fusion subunit, is performed by different proteases, affecting which cells can be infected. They are:[1][14], IAV is responsible for most cases of severe illness as well as seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. [1][39], Direct fluorescent or immunofluorescent antibody (DFA/IFA) tests involve staining respiratory epithelial cells in samples with fluorescently-labeled influenza-specific antibodies, followed by examination under a fluorescent microscope. Seasonal influenza vaccination in adults. There are two main types of flu viruses: Type A and B. [65] Additional areas of research include ways to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of influenza. Accessed Sept. 15, 2022. Swine flu is a type of influenza A virus found in pigs. [13][25] Respiratory droplets are relatively large and travel less than two meters before falling onto nearby surfaces. CHECK YOUR SYMPTOMS Use the colds and flu Symptom Checker and find out if you need to seek medical help. A message has been sent to your recipient's email address with a link [21] At the same time, hydrogen ions diffuse into the virion through M2 ion channels, disrupting internal protein-protein interactions to release RNPs into the host cell's cytosol. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. [17] As of 2019, 18 H subtypes and 11 N subtypes have been identified. [16][4] Spillover events from humans to pigs, however, appear to be more common than from pigs to humans. This is commonly called the flu, but many different illnesses cause flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, aches and pains, cough . [45][49] In both 11731174 AD and 1387 AD, epidemics occurred across Europe that were named "influenza". Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Learn more about how to get your flu shot at Mayo Clinic, for video Mayo Clinic Minute: Why getting vaccinated for the flu is doubly important this season, Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education. Avian influenza, or bird flu, is an infectious disease caused by a type of influenza virus. [4] These drugs are only functional against IAV[32] but are no longer recommended for use because of widespread resistance to them among IAVs. Interferons mediate expression of antiviral proteins and proteins that recruit immune cells to the infection site, and they also notify nearby uninfected cells of infection. Annual vaccination can help to provide protection against influenza. From there, AIVs can spread to poultry farms in the absence of adequate biosecurity. When considering all hospitalizations for respiratory illness among young children, ICV appears to account for only a small percentage of such cases. [11], In temperate regions, the number of influenza cases varies from season to season. There are actually four different types of influenza viruses: influenza A, B, C, and D. Influenza A and B are the two types of influenza that cause epidemic seasonal infections nearly. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. The envelope is reinforced structurally by matrix proteins on the interior that enclose the RNPs,[3] and the envelope contains HA and NA (or HEF[18]) proteins extending outward from the exterior surface of the envelope. As well as infecting people, the influenza A virus can infect animals, including birds and pigs. A(H9N2) virus has been detected in bird populations in Asia, Europe, the Middle East and Africa. [19] Once viral mRNA is transcribed, it is exported out of the nucleus and translated by host ribosomes in a cap-dependent manner to synthesize viral proteins. [17], "Flus" redirects here. [10][17] ICV infection primarily affects children and is usually asymptomatic[1][9] or has mild cold-like symptoms, though more severe symptoms such as gastroenteritis and pneumonia can occur. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices United States, 2022-2023 influenza season. Only two influenza A virus subtypes A(H1N1)pdm09, and A(H3N2), are currently circulating among people. [17] In 1955, avian influenza was confirmed to be caused by IAV. Low-cost, portable RIDTs can rapidly diagnose influenza but have highly variable sensitivity and are unable to subtype IAV. In many other animal species, avian influenza A viruses have been reported to cause occasional infections, but do not regularly spread among them (e.g., cats and seals). Loscalzo J, et al., eds. [1][11] Reducing excess inflammation in the respiratory tract is also subject to much research since this is one of the primary mechanisms of influenza pathology. [16], IBV is mainly found in humans but has also been detected in pigs, dogs, horses, and seals. [8][9] Symptoms usually last for 28 days. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Grohskopf LA, et al. There are four different types of influenza virus: A, B, C, and D. Influenza C usually causes only mild illness while D mostly affects animals, especially cattle. [11] A 2021 study suggests influenza can cause long lasting symptoms in a similar way to long COVID. Since all influenza viruses have segmented genomes, all are capable of reassortment. [1] For these reasons, "broadly-reactive" or "universal" flu vaccines are being researched that can provide protection against many or all influenza viruses. During an outbreak of influenza in 1743 that started in Italy and spread throughout Europe, the word reached the English language and was anglicized in pronunciation. Fivesubtypes of avian influenza A virusesareknown to have caused human infections (H5,H6,H7, H9, and H10 viruses). In canines, the only IAVs in circulation are equine-derived H3N8 and avian-derived H3N2. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. [13] About 35% of children each year develop otitis media due to influenza. [1] Samples may be taken from the lower respiratory tract if infection has cleared the upper but not lower respiratory tract. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which [11] Influenza epidemics in modern times have the tendency to start in the eastern or southern hemisphere,[45] with Asia being a key reservoir of influenza viruses. [1][34], During seasonal epidemics, it is estimated that about 80% of otherwise healthy people who have a cough or sore throat have the flu. Unable to find your location. IDV can infect humans but is not known to cause illness. Influenza is caused by three types of RNA viruses called influenza types A, B and C (considered different genera), which all belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae.The disease, colloquially called . Select a symptom, answer some questions, get advice. This does not mean that cold weather causes the flu; rather, cool weather, by bringing people indoors, along with other changes , is a contributing factor. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on You can inhale the droplets directly. [22] At least one person, an elderly woman in Jiangxi Province, China, died of pneumonia in December 2013 from the H10N8 strain. This website is certified by the Health On The Net (HON) foundation, the standard for trustworthy health McGraw Hill; 2022. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Influenza, or 'flu', is in our community every winter. In 2009, a strain of flu virus known as H1N1 caused a respiratory infection in humans which spread rapidly around the world and became a pandemic. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. The flu (influenza) is a respiratory infection caused by a virus (germ). [9] Neurological complications have been associated with influenza on rare occasions, including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, disseminated encephalomyelitis, transverse myelitis, and GuillainBarr syndrome.

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