In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. [a] He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Among the renowned translations of the work in later years were those by Aurel Stein in 1900 and by Ranjit S. Pandit in 1935, the latter with a Foreword by Jawaharlal Nehru. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. . Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). Sanskrit: This period produced greater works in Sanskrit rather than the previous periods. Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. This quarterly has been published regularly since In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Nephew of Didda. Corrections? does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications [9][10][11], According to Wink, Shah Mir may have been an Afghan or a Qaruna Turk, or even a Tibetan. After ruling indirectly and directly. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. In 1380 C.E. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. In this backdrop, the Malayalam translation called Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama. Rajatarangini belongs. Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Sanskrit From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). Verse 14. The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. Answer. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. Turn on. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. In the Indian history, Madurai was the capita of Pandyas. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. [10] The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. According to Kalhana, Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. He called back the Hindus who had left Kashmir during his father reign and allowed building of temples. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American Rajatarangini/Original languages [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rajatarangini are given below. Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. Although inaccurate in its chronology, the book still provides an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and has been widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Regarding the events of the past, Kalhanas search for material was truly fastidious. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. Eventually a Pratapaditya, a relative of Vikrmaditya (not the Shakari) became king (II.6). Concerning past occasions, Kalhana wrote that the material was genuinely picky. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Answer. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. [18][19] A welfare-state was installed oppressive taxes were abolished, and free schools and hospitals were commissioned. Devout Shaivite. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). Subscribe here. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Jizya was abolished too in his command. After that, the English translation. From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. His short reign was marked by a succession struggle with his half-brother Vajraditya II. [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. Get answers to the most common queries related to the Railway Examination Preparation. Wife of Damodara. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. [5], Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. [7][8] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the Dharmashastras. It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). Let us know more about Rajatarangini. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. In 1540, the Sultanate was briefly interrupted when Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general attacked and occupied Kashmir. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. 23 February 2011. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. 'Great King')[29] and ruled from 1418 to 1470.
